Performance Characteristics of Long-Track Speed Skaters: A Literature Review

详细信息    查看全文

• 作者：Marco J. Konings (1) (2)
  Marije T. Elferink-Gemser (2) (3)
  Inge K. Stoter (2)
  Dirk van der Meer (2)
  Egbert Otten (2)
  Florentina J. Hettinga (1) (2)
  
  1. Centre for Sport and Exercise Science ; School of Biological Sciences ; University of Essex ; Wivenhoe Park ; Colchester ; CO4 3SQ ; UK
  2. Center of Human Movement Sciences ; University Medical Center Groningen ; University of Groningen ; Antonius Deusinglaan 1 ; Groningen ; 9713 AV ; The Netherlands
  3. Institute for Studies in Sports and Exercise ; HAN University of Applied Sciences ; Arnhem-Nijmegen ; The Netherlands
  
• 刊名：Sports Medicine
• 出版年：2015
• 出版时间：April 2015
• 年：2015
• 卷：45
• 期：4
• 页码：505-516
• 全文大小：488 KB
• 参考文献：1. Muehlbauer, T, Schindler, C, Panzer, S (2010) Pacing and performance in competitive middle-distance speed skating. Res Q Exerc Sport. 81: pp. 1-6 CrossRef
  2. Ingen Schenau, GJ (1982) The influence of air friction in speed skating. J Biomech. 15: pp. 449-458 CrossRef
  3. Mackenzie, RT (1898) Natural selection, as shown in the typical speed-skater. J Anat Physiol. 32: pp. 468-476
  4. Koning, JJ, Houdijk, H, Groot, G (2000) From biomechanical theory to application in top sports: the klapskate story. J Biomech. 33: pp. 1225-1229 CrossRef
  5. Elferink-Gemser, MT, Visscher, C, Lemmink, KAPM (2004) Relation between multidimensional performance characteristics and level of performance in talented youth field hockey players. J Sports Sci. 22: pp. 1053-1063 CrossRef
  6. Elferink-Gemser MT, Visscher C. Who are the superstars of tomorrow? Talent development in Dutch soccer. In: Baker J, Schorer J, Cobley S, editors. Talent identification and development in sport. International perspectives. London: Routledge; 2012. pp. 95鈥?05
  7. Newell, KM Constraints on the development of coordination. In: Wade, MG, Whiting, HTA eds. (1986) Motor development in children: aspects of coordination and control. Nijhoff, Amsterdam, pp. 341-361 CrossRef
  8. Koning, JJ (2010) World records: how much athlete? How much technology?. Int J Sports Physiol Perf 5: pp. 262-267
  9. Koning, JJ, Groot, G, Ingen Schenau, GJ (1992) Ice friction during speed skating. J Biomech 25: pp. 565-571 CrossRef
  10. Houdijk, H, Heijnsdijk, EA, Koning, JJ (2000) Physiological responses that account for the increased power output in speed skating using klapskates. Eur J Appl Physiol. 83: pp. 283-288
  11. Kuper, GH, Sterken, E (2008) Do skin suits affect average skating speed?. Sports Technol. 1: pp. 189-195 CrossRef
  12. Ingen Schenau, GJ (1983) On the origin of differences in performance level between elite male and female speed skaters. Hum Mov Sci 2: pp. 151-159 CrossRef
  13. Maksud, MG, Hamilton, LH, Coutts, KD (1971) Pulmonary function measurements of Olympic speed skaters from the U.S. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 3: pp. 66-71
  14. Sovak, D, Hawes, MR (1987) Anthropological status of international calibre speed skaters. J Sports Sci. 5: pp. 287-304 CrossRef
  15. Koning, JJ, Bakker, FC, Groot, G (1994) Longitudinal development of young talented speed skaters: physiological and anthropometric aspects. J Appl Physiol. 77: pp. 2311-2317
  16. Greeff, MJW, Elferink-Gemser, MT, Sierksma, G (2011) Explaining the performance of talented youth speed skaters. Ann Res Sport Phys Act. 1: pp. 85-99
  17. Boer, RW, Ettema, GJ, Gorkum, H (1988) A geometrical model of speed skating the curves. J Biomech. 21: pp. 445-450 CrossRef
  18. Ingen Schenau, GJ, Groot, G, Hollander, AP (1983) Some technical, physiological and anthropometrical aspects of speed skating. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 50: pp. 343-354 CrossRef
  19. Akahane, K, Kimura, T, Cheng, GA (2006) Relationship between balance performance and leg muscle strength in elite and non-elite junior speed skaters. J Phys Ther Sci. 18: pp. 149-154 CrossRef
  20. Smith, DJ, Roberts, D (1991) Anaerobic, aerobic and isokinetic measures of elite Canadian male and female speed skaters. J Appl Sport Sci Res. 5: pp. 110-115
  21. Meyer, NL, Shaw, JM, Manore, MM (2004) Bone mineral density of Olympic-level female winter sport athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 36: pp. 1594-1601 CrossRef
  22. Ingen Schenau, GJ (1990) De Koning JJ, De Groot G. A simulation of speed skating performances based on a power equation. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 22: pp. 718-728 CrossRef
  23. Nemoto, I, Kanehisa, H, Miyashita, M (1990) The effect of sports training on the age-related changes of body composition and isokinetic peak torque in knee extensors of junior speed skaters. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 30: pp. 83-88
  24. Stefani, RT (2006) The relative power output and relative lean body mass of World and Olympic male and female champions with implications for gender equity. J Sports Sci. 24: pp. 1329-1339 CrossRef
  25. Ingen Schenau, GJ, Koning, JJ, Bakker, FC (1996) Performance influencing factors in homogeneous groups of top athletes: a cross-sectional study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 28: pp. 1305-1310 CrossRef
  26. Houdijk, H, Bobbert, MF, Koning, JJ (2003) The effects of klapskate hinge position on push-off performance: a simulation study. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 35: pp. 2077-2084 CrossRef
  27. Ingen Schenau, GJ, Groot, G, Boer, RW (1985) The control of speed in elite female speed skaters. J Biomech. 18: pp. 91-96 CrossRef
  28. Koning, JJ, Thomas, R, Berger, M (1995) The start in speed skating: from running to gliding. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 27: pp. 1703-1708 CrossRef
  29. Boer, RW, Ettema, GJ, Faessen, BG (1987) Specific characteristics of speed skating: implications for summer training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 19: pp. 504-510
  30. Allinger, TL, Bogert, AJ (1997) Skating technique for the straights, based on the optimization of a simulation model. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 29: pp. 279-286 CrossRef
  31. Koning, JJ, Groot, G, Ingen Schenau, GJ (1992) A power equation for the sprint in speed skating. J Biomech. 25: pp. 573-580 CrossRef
  32. Houdijk, H, Koning, JJ, Groot, G (2000) Push-off mechanics in speed skating with conventional skates and klapskates. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 32: pp. 635-641 CrossRef
  33. Yuda, J, Yuki, M, Aoyanagi, T (2007) Kinematic analysis of the technique for elite male long-distance speed skaters in curving. J Appl Biomech. 23: pp. 128-138
  34. Koning, JJ, Groot, G, Ingen Schenau, GJ (1991) Coordination of leg muscles during speed skating. J Biomech. 24: pp. 137-146 CrossRef
  35. Upjohn, T, Turcotte, R, Pearsall, DJ (2008) Three-dimensional kinematics of the lower limbs during forward ice hockey skating. Sports Biomech. 7: pp. 206-221 CrossRef
  36. Noordhof, DA, Foster, C, Hoozemans, MJM (2013) Changes in speed skating velocity in relation to push-off effectiveness. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 8: pp. 188-194
  37. Noordhof, DA, Foster, C, Hoozemans, MJM (2014) The association between changes in speed skating technique and changes in skating velocity. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 9: pp. 68-76 CrossRef
  38. Ingen Schenau, GJ, Cavanagh, PR (1990) Power equations in endurance sports. J Biomech. 23: pp. 865-881 CrossRef
  39. Ahmetov, II, Druzhevskaya, AM, Lyubaeva, EV (2011) The dependence of preferred competitive racing distance on muscle fibre type composition and ACTN3 genotype in speed skaters. Exp Physiol 96: pp. 1302-1310 CrossRef
  40. Kuipers, H, Moran, J, Mitchell, DW (2007) Hemoglobin levels and athletic performance in elite speed skaters during the olympic season 2006. Clin J Sports Med. 17: pp. 135-139 CrossRef
  41. Rundell, KW (1996) Compromised oxygen uptake in speed skaters during treadmill in-line skating. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 28: pp. 120-127 CrossRef
  42. Foster, C, Green, MA, Snyder, AC (1993) Physiological responses during simulated competition. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 25: pp. 877-882 CrossRef
  43. Born, DP, Zinner, C, Herlitz, B (2014) Muscle oxygenation asymmetry in ice speed skaters is not compensated by compression. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 9: pp. 58-67 CrossRef
  44. Foster, C, Rundell, KW, Snyder, AC (1999) Evidence for restricted muscle blood flow during speed skating. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 31: pp. 1433-1440 CrossRef
  45. Hettinga, FJ, Koning, JJ, Schmidt, L (2011) Optimal pacing strategy: from theoretical modelling to reality in 1500-m speed skating. Br J Sports Med. 45: pp. 30-35 CrossRef
  46. Hettinga, FJ, Koning, JJ, Hulleman, M (2012) Relative importance of pacing strategy and mean power output in 1500-m self-paced cycling. Br J Sports Med. 46: pp. 30-35 CrossRef
  47. Orie, J, Hofman, N, Koning, JJ (2014) Thirty-eight years of training distribution in Olympic speed skaters. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 9: pp. 93-99 CrossRef
  48. Beneke, R, Duvillard, SP (1996) Determination of maximal lactate steady state response in selected sports events. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 28: pp. 241-246 CrossRef
  49. Foster, C, Fitzgerald, DJ, Spatz, P (1999) Stability of the blood lactate-heart rate relationship in competitive athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 31: pp. 578-582 CrossRef
  50. Smith, DJ, Roberts, D (1990) Heart rate and blood lactate concentration during on-ice training in speed skating. Can J Sport Sci. 15: pp. 23-27
  51. Yu, H, Chen, X, Zhu, W (2012) A quasi-experimental study of Chinese top-level speed skaters鈥?training load: threshold versus polarized model. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 7: pp. 103-112
  52. Poh, KK, Ton-Nu, TT, Neilan, TG (2008) Myocardial adaptation and efficiency in response to intensive physical training in elite speed skaters. Int J Cardiol. 126: pp. 346-351 CrossRef
  53. Smits, BLM, Pepping, G-J, Hettinga, FJ (2014) Pacing and decision making in sport and exercise: the roles of perception and action in the regulation of exercise intensity. Sports Med..
  54. Maw, S, Proctor, L, Vredenburg, J (2006) Influence of starting position on finishing position in World Cup 500 m short track speed skating. J Sport Sci. 24: pp. 1239-1246 CrossRef
  55. Foster, C, Koning, JJ, Hettinga, F (2003) Pattern of energy expenditure during simulated competition. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 35: pp. 826-831 CrossRef
  56. Muehlbauer, T, Schindler, C, Panzer, S (2010) Pacing and sprint performance in speed skating during a competitive season. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 5: pp. 165-176
  57. Muehlbauer, T, Panzer, S, Schindler, C (2010) Pacing pattern and speed skating performance in competitive long-distance events. J Strength Cond Res. 24: pp. 114-119 CrossRef
  58. Koning, JJ, Foster, C, Lampen, J (2005) Experimental evaluation of the power balance model of speed skating. J Appl Physiol. 98: pp. 227-233 CrossRef
  59. Evans, MB, Hoar, SD, Gebotys, RJ (2014) Endurance athletes鈥?coping function use during competitive suffering episodes. Eur J Sport Sci..
  60. Balmer, NJ, Nevill, AM, Williams, AM (2001) Home advantage in the winter Olympics (1908鈥?998). J Sports Sci. 19: pp. 129-139 CrossRef
  61. Koning, RH (2005) Home advantage in speed skating: evidence from individual data. J Sports Sci. 23: pp. 417-427 CrossRef
  62. Zimmerman, BJ (1986) Becoming a self-regulated learner: which are the key subprocesses?. Contemp Educ Psychol. 11: pp. 307-313 CrossRef
  63. Elferink-Gemser MT, De Roos IM, Torenbeek M, et al. The importance of psychological constructs for training volume and performance improvement: a structural equation model for youth speed skaters. Int J Sport Psychol. (Accepted for publication)
  64. Elferink-Gemser, MT, Roos, IM, Torenbeek, M Training behavior in relation to performance development in talented speed skaters: a descriptive study. In: Coelho-E-Silva, M, Cupido-dos-Santos, A, Figueiredo, AJ, Ferreira, JP, Armstrong, N eds. (2013) Children and Exercise XXVIII: The Proceedings of the 28th Pediatric Work Physiology Meeting. Routledge, London, pp. 263-267
  65. Rundell, KW, Nioka, S, Chance, B (1997) Hemoglobin/myoglobin desaturation during speed skating. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 29: pp. 248-258 CrossRef
  66. Hesford, CM, Laing, S, Cardinale, M (2013) Effect of race distance on muscle oxygenation in short-track speed skating. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 45: pp. 83-92 CrossRef
  67. Hesford, CM, Laing, SJ, Cardinale, M (2012) Asymmetry of quadriceps muscle oxygenation during elite short-track speed skating. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 244: pp. 501-508 CrossRef
  68. Hesford, C, Cardinale, M, Laing, S (2013) NIRS measurements with elite speed skaters: comparison between the ice rink and the laboratory. Adv Exp Med Biol. 765: pp. 81-86 CrossRef
  69. Toering, TT, Elferink-Gemser, MT, Jordet, G (2009) Self-regulation and performance level of elite and non-elite youth soccer players. J Sports Sci. 27: pp. 1509-1517 CrossRef
  70. Jonker, L, Elferink-Gemser, MT, Toering, TT (2010) Academic performance and self-regulatory skills in elite youth soccer players. J Sports Sci. 28: pp. 1605-1614 CrossRef
  71. Jonker, L, Elferink-Gemser, MT, Roos, IM (2012) The role of reflection in sport expertise. Sport Psychol. 26: pp. 224-242
  72. Zimmerman B J. (2006). Development and adaptation of expertise: the role of self-regulatory processes and beliefs. In: Ericsson KA, Charness N, Feltovich PJ, Hoffman RR, editors. The Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2006. pp. 705鈥?2.
  73. Parry, D, Chinnasamy, C, Micklewright, D (2012) Optic flow influences perceived exertion during cycling. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 34: pp. 444-456
  74. Renfree, A, Martin, L, Micklewright, D (2014) Application of decision-making theory to the regulation of muscular work rate during self-paced competitive endurance activity. Sports Med. 44: pp. 147-158 CrossRef
  75. Jones, HS, Williams, EL, Bridge, CA (2013) Physiological and psychological effects of deception on pacing strategy and performance: a review. Sports Med. 43: pp. 1243-1257 CrossRef
  76. Elferink-Gemser, MT, Visscher, C, Duijn, MA (2006) Development of the interval endurance capacity in elite and sub-elite youth field hockey players. Br J Sports Med. 40: pp. 340-345 CrossRef
  77. Huijgen, BC, Elferink-Gemser, MT, Ali, A (2013) Soccer skill development in talented players. Int J Sports Med. 34: pp. 720-726 CrossRef
  
• 刊物主题：Sports Medicine;
• 出版者：Springer International Publishing
• ISSN：1179-2035

文摘

Speed skating is an intriguing sport to study from different perspectives due to the peculiar way of motion and the multiple determinants for performance. This review aimed to identify what is known on (long-track) speed skating, and which individual characteristics determine speed skating performance. A total of 49 studies were included. Based on a multidimensional performance model, person-related performance characteristics were categorized in anthropometrical, technical, physiological, tactical, and psychological characteristics. Literature was found on anthropometry, technique, physiology, and tactics. However, psychological studies were clearly under-represented. In particular, the role of self-regulation might deserve more attention to further understand mechanisms relevant for optimal performance and for instance pacing. Another remarkable finding was that the technically/biomechanically favourable crouched skating technique (i.e. small knee and trunk angle) leads to a physiological disadvantage: a smaller knee angle may increase the deoxygenation of the working muscles. This is an important underlying aspect for the pacing tactics in speed skating. Elite speed skaters need to find the optimal balance between obtaining a fast start and preventing negative technical adaptations later on in the race by distributing their available energy over the race in an optimal way. More research is required to gain more insight into how this impacts on the processes of fatigue and coordination during speed skating races. This can lead to a better understanding on how elite speed skaters can maintain the optimal technical characteristics throughout the entire race, and how they can adapt their pacing to optimize all identified aspects that determine performance.