Future changes of El Niño in two global coupled climate models
详细信息 查看全文
- 作者：Gerald A. Meehl ; Haiyan Teng and Grant Branstator
- 刊名：Climate Dynamics
- 出版年：2006
- 出版时间：May 2006
- 年：2006
- 卷：26
- 期：6
- 页码：549-566
- 全文大小：3,113 KB
- 刊物类别：Earth and Environmental Science
- 刊物主题：Earth sciences
Geophysics and Geodesy
Meteorology and Climatology
Oceanography - 出版者：Springer Berlin / Heidelberg
- ISSN：1432-0894
文摘
Idealized forcing experiments with 1% per year CO2 increase to stabilized doubled and quadrupled CO2, twenty-first century transient scenario experiments (SRES scenarios A1B and B1), and stabilized twenty-second century A1B and B1 experiments with two global coupled climate models (PCM and CCSM3) are analyzed for possible future changes of El Ni?o events. With increased CO2 in the models, there is a reduction of amplitude of El Ni?o events. This is particularly apparent with larger forcing in the stabilized 4×CO2 experiment in PCM and the stabilized greenhouse gas A1B experiment in CCSM3, where the reduction of amplitude is outside the range of the inherent multi-century variability of El Ni?o in the control runs of the models and is statistically significant. With moderately increased forcing (stabilized 2×CO2 in PCM and the stabilized B1 experiment in CCSM3), the reduction in amplitude is evident, but it is not significant. The change in El Ni?o behavior with larger forcing is attributed to the change in base state temperature in the equatorial Pacific, which is similar with increased greenhouse gases (GHGs) in both models. Positive temperature anomalies in and below the thermocline, associated with a reduction of the trade winds, and weakened Pacific Ocean subtropical cells, produce a less intense thermocline, and consequently lower amplitude El Ni?o events. The previously noted intensification of El Ni?o tropical precipitation anomalies in a warmer mean base state that applied when there was no appreciable change in El Ni?o amplitude does not hold in the present study where the El Ni?o events decrease in magnitude in a future warmer climate. North American surface temperature anomalies associated with El Ni?o are reduced and become less significant in the future events, with the anomalously deepened Aleutian low in the North Pacific weakened and moved eastward with greater radiative forcing. Part of this is attributed to the smaller amplitude events and thus lower amplitude teleconnections as indicated by contrasting composites of medium and high amplitude El Ni?o events from the control runs. The change in midlatitude base state circulation also contributes to the change in El Ni?o teleconnections. The effects of this change in base state on the weakened El Ni?o teleconnections over North America are confirmed in sensitivity experiments with a version of the atmospheric model in which heating anomalies are specified to mimic El Ni?o events in a base state changed due to increased GHGs.