The South African industry use of M?ssbauer spectroscopy to solve operational problems

详细信息    查看全文

• 作者：Frans B. Waanders (1)
  Antoinne F. Mulaba-Bafubiandi (2)
  Lonzeche Lodya (3)
  
• 关键词：Nickel ; FeFe2+/Fe3+ ratio ; Coal ; Syngas ; Iron minerals ; Mineral changes
• 刊名：Hyperfine Interactions
• 出版年：2014
• 出版时间：April 2014
• 年：2014
• 卷：226
• 期：1-3
• 页码：721-735
• 全文大小：
• 参考文献：1. http://www.southafrica.info/business/economy/sectors/mining.htm (2013). Accessed 3 July 2013
  2. Waanders, F.B., Mans, A.: Ferrosilicon–DMS Medium Characterisation and Degradation During Use. XXIIth IMPC-proceedings, pp. 396-01 (2003)
  3. Waanders, F.B., Rabatho, J.P.: Recovery of heavy minerals by means of Fe-Si DMS material. Hyperfine Interact. 161, 55-0 (2005) CrossRef
  4. Napier-Munn, T.J., Kojovic, T., Scott, I.A., Shi, F., Masinja, J.H., Baguley, P.J.: Some causes of medium loss in dense medium plants. Miner. Eng. 8(6), 659-78 (1995) CrossRef
  5. Mulaba-Bafubiandi, A.F., Mukendi-Ngalula, D., Waanders, F.B.: Ilmenite mineral’s recovery from beach sand tailings. Hyperfine Interact. 139/140, 485-94 (2002) CrossRef
  6. Mulaba-Bafubiandi, A.F., Waanders, F.B., Jones, C.: Retained austenite phase in (26.5 % Cr, 2.6 % C) white cast iron studied by means of CEMS and Eddy Current. Hyperfine Interact. 139/140, 455-62 (2002) CrossRef
  7. Woollacott, L.C., Eric, R.H.: Mineral and Metal Extraction: An Overview. Johannesburg: The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, p 331 (1994)
  8. http://www.mbendi.com/indy/ming/coal/af/sa/p0005.htm (2013). Accessed 10 July 2013
  9. Falcon, R.MS., Snyman, C.P.: Atlas of petrographic constituents in the bituminous coals of Southern Africa. In: An Introduction to Coal Petrography, p 123 (1986)
  10. Waanders, F.B.: Iron Mineral Changes of Two Coal Types Occurring During Gasification. International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Pittsburgh (2012)
  11. Stevens, J.G., Khasanov, A.M., Miller, J.W., Pollak, H., Li, Z. (eds.): M?ssbauer Mineral Handbook, M?ssbauer Effect Data Centre, p 527 University of North Carolina, Asheville (1998)
  12. Handbook, A.S.M.: Alloy Phase Diagrams, vol. 3. Ohio, Materials Park (1992)
  13. Stearns, M.B.: Internal magnetic fields, isomer shifts and relative abundances of the various Fe sites in FeSi alloys. Phys. Rev. 129(3), 1136-144 (1963) CrossRef
  14. Nkosibomvu, Z.L., Witcomb, M.J., Cornish, L.A., Pollak, H.: M?ssbauer spectroscopy and SEM characterization of commercial ferrosilicon powders. Hyperfine Interact. 112(1-), 261-65 (1998) CrossRef
  15. Waanders, F.B., Smit, D.S.: The leaching of a sulphide ore—a M?ssbauer and SEM perspective. Hyperfine Interact. C5, 471-74 (2003)
  16. Andrews, L., Pistorius, P.C., Waanders, F.B.: Electron beam and M?ssbauer techniques combined to optimise base metal partitioning in the furnace. Michrochim. Acta. 161, 445-50 (2008) CrossRef
  17. Waanders, F.B., Nell, J.: Phase chemical composition of slag from a direct nickel flash furnace and associated slag cleaning furnace. Hyperfine Interact. 218, 101-05 (2013) CrossRef
  18. Waanders, F.B.: The use of M?ssbauer spectroscopy in coal research—is it relevant or not?. In: Nishida, T., Sharma, V. (eds.) M?ssbauer Spectroscopy: Applications in Chemistry, Biology, Industry, and Nanotechnology.Wiley (2013). (in press)
  19. Bunt, J.R., Neomagus, H.W.J.P., Botha, A.A., Waanders, F.B.: Reactivity Study of Fine Discard Coal Agglomerates. ICCS&T State College, USA (2014)
  20. Bunt, J.R., Waanders, F.B.: Identification of the reaction zones occurring in a commercial-scale Sasol-Lurgi FBDB gasifier. Fuel 87, 1814-823 (2008) CrossRef
  21. Cornell, R.M., Schwertmann, U.: The Iron Oxides: Structure, Properties, Reactions, Occurrences and Uses, 2nd edn.Wiley-VCH, Weinheim (2006)
  22. Murad, E.: Ferrihydrite deposits on an artesian fountain in lower Bavaria . Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie -Monatshefte, 45-6 (1982)
  23. Maddock, A.G.: M?ssbauer Spectroscopy: Principles and Applications. Horwood Publishing, Chichester (1997) CrossRef
  24. Murad, E., Cashion, J.: M?ssbauer Spectroscopy of Environmental Materials and their Industrial Utilisation. Kluwer, Boston (2004) CrossRef
  
• 作者单位：Frans B. Waanders (1)
  Antoinne F. Mulaba-Bafubiandi (2)
  Lonzeche Lodya (3)
  
  1. School of Chemical and Minerals Engineering, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
  2. Mineral Processing and Technology Research Center, Department of Metallurgy, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
  3. Sasol Technology (Pty) Limited, R&D., Box 1, Sasolburg, 1947, South Africa
  
• ISSN：1572-9540

文摘

South Africa is a country that is very rich in mineral resources but the use of M?ssbauer spectroscopy to solve operational industrial problems is however very limited. In the Bushveld Igneous Complex the main minerals extracted from the ore are the platinum group metals and chromium, but secondary recovery of base metals such as nickel, copper and cobalt forms an integral part of the process. Losses of nickel in the slag can amount to about 4 % and subsequent a slag cleaning furnace is used to reduce the loss to less than 0.5 % nickel oxide. The Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio and mineralogy was used to determine the partial oxygen pressure in the furnaces and also the efficiency of the nickel recovery. From the M?ssbauer results, augmented with XRD, SEM, EMP-WDX and MLA analyses, optimum conditions were determined to ensure minimum metal losses. The use of M?ssbauer spectroscopy in the coal industry, to investigate mineral changes that occur during its use, is also of importance. The main minerals present in coal were determined with the aid of various techniques, such as M?ssbauer, XRD, SEM and HR-TEM, with the major iron minerals found to be pyrite, illite, ankerite and jarosite. A large quantity of coal is used to produce syngas via gasification plants for the production of synthetic fuels. The change of the mineral matter during gasification was studied and the changes occurring during the gasification process were followed. The syngas produced, is further treated by means of the Fischer–Tropsch process where an iron catalyst is incorporated in the process. The usefulness and fouling of the catalyst is being studied with the aid of M?ssbauer spectroscopy. The calibration of equipment to determine work hardening in mining equipment was also investigated and found to be a useful tool in industry. From the above few examples it is evident that, although used on a limited base, M?ssbauer spectroscopy, augmented by various other spectroscopic tools, still ensures optimal recovery and production of the vast resource base of South Africa.