The development and validation of the Questionnaire on Anticipated Discrimination (QUAD)

详细信息    查看全文

• 作者：Jheanell Gabbidon (14)
  Elaine Brohan (14) (15)
  Sarah Clement (14)
  R Claire Henderson (14)
  Graham Thornicroft (14)
  
• 关键词：Measure ; Anticipate ; Discrimination ; Stigma ; Psychometric
• 刊名：BMC Psychiatry
• 出版年：2013
• 出版时间：December 2013
• 年：2013
• 卷：13
• 期：1
• 全文大小：255 KB
• 参考文献：1. Goffman E: / Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books; 1963.
  2. Link BG, Struening E, Cullen FT, Shrout PE, Dohrenwend BP: A modified labeling theory approach to mental disorders - an empirical assessment. / Am Sociol Rev 1989,54(3):400-23. CrossRef
  3. Link BG, Phelan JC: Conceptualizing stigma. / Annu Rev Sociol 2001, 27:363-85. CrossRef
  4. Evans-Lacko S, Brohan E, Mojtabai R, Thornicroft G: Association between public views of mental illness and self-stigma among individuals with mental illness in 14 European countries. / Psychol Med 2012,42(8):1741-752. CrossRef
  5. Link BG, Cullen FT, Frank J, Wozniak JF: The social rejection of former mental patients - understanding why labels matter. / Am J Sociol 1987,92(6):1461-500. CrossRef
  6. Thornicroft G, Brohan E, Rose D, Sartorius N, Leese M, Grp IS: Global pattern of experienced and anticipated discrimination against people with schizophrenia: a cross-sectional survey. / Lancet 2009,373(9661):408-15. CrossRef
  7. Corker E, Henderson C, Thornicroft G: The Viewpoint discrimination survey - the extent of discrimination faced by mental health service users in England. / Psychiatr Prax 2011,38((S 01)):S09_1_RE.
  8. Angermeyer MC, Beck M, Dietrich S, Holzinger A: The stigma of mental illness: patients-anticipations and experiences. / Int J Soc Psychiatr 2004,50(2):153-62. CrossRef
  9. Ucok A, Brohan E, Rose D, Sartorius N, Leese M, Yoon CK, Plooy A, Ertekin BA, Milev R, Thornicroft G, / et al.: Anticipated discrimination among people with schizophrenia. / Acta Psychiatr Scand 2012,125(1):77-3. CrossRef
  10. Lasalvia A, Zoppei S, Van Bortel T, Bonetto C, Cristofalo D, Wahlbeck K, Bacle SV, Van Audenhove C, van Weeghel J, Reneses B: Global pattern of experienced and anticipated discrimination reported by people with major depressive disorder: a cross-sectional survey. / The Lancet 2012,381(9860):55-2. CrossRef
  11. Schomerus G, Matschinger H, Angermeyer MC: The stigma of psychiatric treatment and help-seeking intentions for depression. / Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2009,259(5):298-06. CrossRef
  12. Link BG: Understanding labeling effects in the area of mental disorders - an assessment of the effects of expectations of rejection. / Am Sociol Rev 1987,52(1):96-12. CrossRef
  13. Link BG, Yang LH, Phelan JC, Collins PY: Measuring mental illness stigma. / Schizophr Bull 2004,30(3):511-41. CrossRef
  14. King M, Dinos S, Shaw J, Watson R, Stevens S, Passetti F, Weich S, Serfaty M: The stigma scale: development of a standardised measure of the stigma of mental illness. / Brit J Psychiat 2007, 190:248-54. CrossRef
  15. Ritsher JB, Otilingam PG, Grajales M: Internalized stigma of mental illness: psychometric properties of a new measure. / Psychiatry Res 2003,121(1):31-9. CrossRef
  16. Walter SD, Eliasziw M, Donner A: Sample size and optimal designs for reliability studies. / Stat Med 1998,17(1):101-10. CrossRef
  17. / Sapphire Research Programme on Stigma and Discrimination in Mental Health. http://www.sapphire.iop.kcl.ac.uk/
  18. Brohan E, Clement S, Rose D, Sartorius N, Slade M, Thornicroft G: Development and psychometric evaluation of the Discrimination and Stigma Scale (DISC). / Psychiatry Res 2013, 208:33-0. CrossRef
  19. Jeffery D, Clement S, Corker E, Howard LM, Murray J, Thornicroft G: Discrimination in relation to parenthood reported by community psychiatric service users in the UK: a framework analysis. / Bmc Psychiat 2013,13(1):120. CrossRef
  20. Clement S, Brohan E, Sayce L, Pool J, Thornicroft G: Disability hate crime and targeted violence and hostility: a mental health and discrimination perspective. / J Ment Health 2011,20(3):219-25. CrossRef
  21. Ojanen V, Gogates G: A briefing on cognitive debriefing good. / Clin Pract J 2006,13(12):25-9.
  22. Clement S, Brohan E, Jeffery D, Henderson C, Hatch SL, Thornicroft G: Development and psychometric properties the Barriers to Access to Care Evaluation scale (BACE) related to people with mental ill health. / Bmc Psychiat 2012,12(1):36. CrossRef
  23. Cronbach LJ: Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. / Psychometrika 1951,16(3):297-34. CrossRef
  24. Landis JR, Koch GG: Measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. / Biometrics 1977,33(1):159-74. CrossRef
  25. Cohen J: A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. / Educ Psychol Meas 1960,20(1):37-6. CrossRef
  26. Lin LI: A concordance correlation-coefficient to evaluate reproducibility. / Biometrics 1989,45(1):255-68. CrossRef
  27. Chassany O, Sagnier P, Marquis P, Fullerton S, Aaronson N: European issues quality life a: patient-reported outcomes: the example of health-related quality of life - A European guidance document for the improved integration of health-related quality of life assessment in the drug regulatory process. / Drug Inf J 2002,36(1):209-38. CrossRef
  28. Everitt B: Multivariate analysis: the need for data, and other problems. / Br J Psychiatry 1975,126(3):237-40. CrossRef
  29. Nunnally JC: / Psychometric theory. 2nd edition. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1978.
  30. Velicer WF, Jackson DN: Component analysis versus common factor analysis: some further observations. / Multivar Behav Res 1990,25(1):97-14. CrossRef
  31. Costello A, Osborne J: Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. / Pract Assess Res Eval 2005 2011, 10:7. pareonline net/getvn asp 2011, 10:7
  32. Ledesma RD, Valero-Mora P: Determining the number of factors to retain in EFA: an easy-to-use computer program for carrying out parallel analysis. / Pract Assessment Res Eval 2007,12(2):1-1.
  33. Lamping DL, Schroter S, Marquis P, Marrel A, Duprat-Lomon I, Sagnier P-P: The community-acquired pneumonia symptom questionnaire a new, patient-based outcome measure to evaluate symptoms in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. / CHEST J 2002,122(3):920-29. CrossRef
  34. Nunnally JC, Bernstein IH: / Psychometric theory. 3rd edition. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1994.
  35. Smith SC, Lamping DL, Banerjee S, Harwood R, Foley B, Smith P, Cook JC, Murray J, Prince M, Levin E, / et al.: Measurement of health-related quality of life for people with dementia: development of a new instrument (DEMQOL) and an evaluation of current methodology. / Health Technol Assess 2005,9(10):1-3.
  36. Flesch R: / The Art of Readable Writing. New York: Harper & Row; 1974.
  37. McBride G: / A Proposal for Strength-of-Agreement Criteria for Lin’s Concordance Correlation Coefficient. Hamilton, New Zealand: National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd; 2005.
  38. Henderson C, Corker E, Lewis-Holmes E, Hamilton S, Flach C, Rose D, Williams P, Pinfold V, Thornicroft G: England’s time to change antistigma campaign: one-year outcomes of service user-rated experiences of discrimination. / Psychiatr Serv 2012,63(5):451-57. CrossRef
  39. Brohan E, Slade M, Clement S, Thornicroft G: Experiences of mental illness stigma, prejudice and discrimination: a review of measures. / Bmc Health Services Res 2010,10(1):80. CrossRef
  40. Wyllie A, Brown R: / Discrimination reported by users of mental health services: 2010 Survey. Auckland: Phoenix Research; 2011.
  41. Henderson C, Brohan E, Clement S, Williams P, Lassman F, Schauman O, Murray J, Murphy C, Slade M, Thornicroft G: A decision aid to assist decisions on disclosure of mental health status to an employer: protocol for the CORAL exploratory randomised controlled trial. / Bmc Psychiatry 2012,12(1):133. CrossRef
  42. Brohan E, Henderson C, Wheat K, Malcolm E, Clement S, Barley EA, Slade M, Thornicroft G: Systematic review of beliefs, behaviours and influencing factors associated with disclosure of a mental health problem in the workplace. / Bmc Psychiatry 2012, 12:11. CrossRef
  43. Peterson D, Currey N, Collings S: “You don’t look like one of them- disclosure of mental illness in the workplace as an ongoing dilemma. / Psychiatr Rehabil J 2011,35(2):145-47. CrossRef
  44. Henderson C, Thornicroft G: Stigma and discrimination in mental illness: time to change. / The Lancet 2009,373(9679):1928. CrossRef
  45. The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-244X/13/297/prepub
  
• 作者单位：Jheanell Gabbidon (14)
  Elaine Brohan (14) (15)
  Sarah Clement (14)
  R Claire Henderson (14)
  Graham Thornicroft (14)
  
  14. Health Service and Population Research Department, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
  15. Adelphi Values, Adelphi Mill, Bollington, Cheshire, SK10 5JB, UK
  
• ISSN：1471-244X

文摘

Background The anticipation of mental health-related discrimination is common amongst people with mental health problems and can have serious adverse effects. This study aimed to develop and validate a measure assessing the extent to which people with mental health problems anticipate that they will personally experience discrimination across a range of contexts. Methods The items and format for the Questionnaire on Anticipated Discrimination (QUAD) were developed from previous versions of the Discrimination and Stigma Scale (DISC), focus groups and cognitive debriefing interviews which were used to further refine the content and format. The resulting provisional version of the QUAD was completed by 117 service users in an online survey and reliability, validity, precision and acceptability were assessed. A final version of the scale was agreed and analyses re-run using the online survey data and data from an independent sample to report the psychometric properties of the finalised scale. Results The provisional version of the QUAD had 17 items, good internal consistency (alpha--.86) and adequate convergent validity as supported by the significant positive correlations with the Stigma Scale (SS) (r--.40, p-lt;-.001) and the Internalised Stigma of Mental Illness Scale (ISMI) (r--.40, p-lt;-.001). Three items were removed due to low endorsements, high inter-correlation or conceptual concerns. The finalised 14 item QUAD had good internal consistency (alpha--.86), good test re-test reliability (ρc--.81) and adequate convergent validity: correlations with the ISMI (r--.45, p-lt;-.001) and with the SS (r--.39, p-lt;-.001). Reading ease scores indicated good acceptability for general adult populations. Cross-replication in an independent sample further indicated good internal consistency (alpha--.88), adequate convergent validity and revealed two factors summarised by institutions/services and interpersonal/professional relationships. Conclusions The QUAD expanded upon previous versions of the DISC. It is a reliable, valid and acceptable measure which can be used to identify key life areas in which people may personally anticipate discrimination, and an overall tendency to anticipate discrimination. It may also be useful in planning interventions aimed at reducing the stigma of mental illness.