Comparison of nonhydrostatic and hydrostatic dynamical cores in two regional models using the spectral and finite difference methods: dry atmosphere simulation

详细信息    查看全文

• 作者：Jihyeon Jang ; Song-You Hong
• 刊名：Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：April 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：128
• 期：2
• 页码：229-245
• 全文大小：4,508 KB
• 参考文献：Ahmad N, Lindeman J (2007) Euler solutions using flux-based wave decomposition. Int J Numer Methods Fluids 54:47–72CrossRef
  Bubnová R, Hello G, Bénard P, Geleyn JF (1995) Integration of the fully elastic equations cast in the hydrostatic pressure terrain-following coordinate in the framework of the ARPEGE/Aladin NWP system. Mon Weather Rev 123:515–535CrossRef
  Chen F, Dudhia J (2001) Coupling an advanced land surface—hydrology model with the Penn State—NCAR MM5 modeling system. Part I: Model implementation and sensitivity. Mon Weather Rev 129:569–585CrossRef
  Chou MD, Suarez MJ (1994) An efficient thermal infrared radiation parameterization for use in general circulation models. NASA Tech Memo NASA/TM 104606 3:85
  Chou MD, Suarez MJ (1999) A solar radiation parameterization for atmospheric studies. NASA Tech Memo NASA/TM 104606 15:38
  Cocke S (1998) Case study of Erin using the FSU nested regional spectral model. Mon Weather Rev 126:1337–1346CrossRef
  Davies HC, Turner RE (1977) Updating prediction models by dynamical relaxation: an examination of the technique. Quart J R Meteorol Soc 103:225–245CrossRef
  Doyle JD, Durran DR, Chen C, Colle BA, Georgelin M, Grubisic V, Hsu WR, Huang CY, Landau D, Lin YL, Poulus GS, Sun WY, Weber DB, Wurtele MG, Xue M (2000) An intercomparison of model-predicted wave breaking for the 11 January 1972 Boulder windstorm. Mon Weather Rev 128:901–914CrossRef
  Doyle JD, Gaberšek S, Jiang Q, Bernardet L, Brown JM, Dörnbrack A, Filaus E, Grubišić V, Kirshbaum DJ, Knoth O, Koch S, Schmidli J, Stiperski I, Vosper S, Zhong S (2011) An Intercomparison of T-REX mountain wave simulations and implications for mesoscale predictability. Mon Weather Rev 139:2811–2831CrossRef
  Dudhia J (1993) A nonhydrostatic version of the Penn State–NCAR Mesoscale Model: validation tests and simulation of an Atlantic cyclone and cold front. Mon Weather Rev 121:1493–1513CrossRef
  Dudhia J (2014) A history of mesoscale model development. Asia Pac J Atmos Sci 50:121–131CrossRef
  Durran DR, Klemp JB (1983) A compressible model for the simulation of moist mountain waves. Mon Weather Rev 111:2341–2361CrossRef
  Ek MB et al (2003) Implementation of Noah land surface model advances in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction operational mesoscale Eta model. J Geophys Res 108:8851CrossRef
  Girard C, Jarraud M (1982) Short and medium range forecast differences between a spectral and grid point model. An extensive quasi-operational comparison. ECMWF Tech Rep 32:178
  Han J, Juang H-MH (2005) NCEP RSM system. In: 6th international RSM workshop, IRI, New York
  Haugen JE, Machenhauer B (1993) A spectral limited-area model formulation with time dependent boundary conditions applied to the shallow-water equations. Mon Weather Rev 121:2618–2630CrossRef
  Hong S-Y, Chang E-C (2012) Spectral nudging sensitivity experiments in a regional climate model. Asia Pac J Atmos Sci 48:345–355CrossRef
  Hong S-Y, Kanamitsu M (2014) Dynamical downscaling: fundamental issues from an NWP point of view and recommendations. Asia Pac J Atmos Sci 50:83–104CrossRef
  Hong S-Y, Dudhia J, Chen S-H (2004) A revised approach to ice microphysical processes for the bulk parameterization of clouds and precipitation. Mon Weather Rev 132:103–120CrossRef
  Hong S-Y, Noh Y, Dudhia J (2006) A new vertical diffusion package with an explicit treatment of entrainment processes. Mon Weather Rev 134:2318–2341CrossRef
  Hong S-Y, Jang J, Lee J (2013a) The GRIMs shallow convection scheme. In: 14th annual WRF user’s workshop. NCAR, Boulder
  Hong S-Y, Park H, Cheong H-B, Kim J-E, Koo M-S, Jang J, Ham S, Hwang S-O, Park B-K, Chang E-C, Li H (2013b) The global/regional integrated model system (GRIMs). Asia Pac J Atmos Sci 49:219–243. doi:10.​1007/​s13143-013-0023-0 CrossRef
  Hsu W-R, Sun W-Y (2001) A time-split, forward-backward numerical model for solving a nonhydrostatic and compressible system of equations. Tellus 53A:279–299CrossRef
  Jablonowski C, Williamson DL (2011) The pros and cons of diffusion, filters and fixers in atmospheric general circulation models. Numerical techniques for global atmospheric models. In: Lauritzen PH et al (eds) Lecture notes in computational science and engineering, vol 80. Springer, Berlin, pp 389–504
  Jang W, Chun H-Y (2010) A numerical study on severe downslope windstorms occurred on 5 April 2005 at Gangneung and Yangyang, Korea. Asia Pac J Atmos Sci 46:155–172CrossRef
  Janjic ZI, Gerrity JP Jr, Nickovic S (2001) An alternative approach to nonhydrostatic modeling. Mon Weather Rev 129:1164–1178CrossRef
  Jarraud M, Girard C, Cubasch U (1981) Comparison of medium range forecasts made with models using spectral or finite difference techniques in the horizontal. ECMWF Tech Rep 23:96
  Juang H-MH (1992) A spectral fully compressible nonhydrostatic mesoscale model in hydrostatic sigma coordinates: formulation and preliminary results. Meteorol Atmos Phys 50:75–88CrossRef
  Juang H-MH (2000) The NCEP mesoscale spectral model: a revised version of the nonhydrostatic regional spectral model. Mon Weather Rev 128:2329–2362CrossRef
  Juang H-MH, Kanamitsu M (1994) The NMC nested regional spectral model. Mon Weather Rev 122:3–26CrossRef
  Juang H-MH, Hong S-Y, Kanamitsu M (1997) The NCEP regional spectral model: an update. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 78:2125–2143CrossRef
  Kain JS (2004) The Kain-Fritsch convective parameterization: an update. J Appl Meteorol 43:170–181CrossRef
  Klemp JB, Lilly DK (1975) The dynamics of wave-induced downslope winds. J Atmos Sci 32:320–339CrossRef
  Klemp JB, Lilly DK (1978) Numerical simulation of hydrostatic mountain waves. J Atmos Sci 35:78–107CrossRef
  Klemp JB, Skamarock WC, Dudhia J (2007) Conservative split-explicit time integration methods for the compressible nonhydrostatic equations. Mon Weather Rev 135:2897–2913CrossRef
  Klemp JB, Dudhia J, Hassiotis AD (2008) An upper gravity-wave absorbing layer for NWP applications. Mon Weather Rev 136:3987–4004CrossRef
  Laprise R (1992) The Euler equations of motion with hydrostatic pressure as an independent variable. Mon Weather Rev 120:197–207CrossRef
  Lu F-C, Liao C-C, Juang H-MH (2007) Revisiting horizontal diffusion of perturbations over terrain for NCEP RSM. Terr Atmos Ocean Sci 18:67–83
  Peltier WR, Clark TL (1979) The evolution and stability of finite-amplitude mountain waves. Part II: Surface wave drag and severe downslope windstorms. J Atmos Sci 36:1498–1529CrossRef
  Skamarock WC, Klemp JB (2008) A time-split nonhydrostatic atmospheric model for weather research and forecasting applications. J Comput Phys 227:3465–3485CrossRef
  Skamarock WC, Klemp JB, Dudhia J, Gill DO, Barker DM, Duda MG, Huang XY, Wang W, Powers JG (2008) A description of the advanced research WRF version 3: NCAR/TN-475 + STR, NCAR technical note. NCAR, Boulder, p 88
  Smith RB (1985) On severe downslope winds. J Atmos Sci 42:2597–2603CrossRef
  Straka JM, Wilhelmson RB, Wicker LJ, Anderson JR, Droegemeier KK (1993) Numerical solutions of a nonlinear density current: a benchmark solution and comparison. Int J Numer Methods Fluids 17:1–22CrossRef
  Tatsumi Y (1986) A spectral limited-area model with time dependent lateral boundary conditions and its application to a multi-level primitive equation model. J Meteorol Soc Japan 64:637–663
  Wicker LJ, Skamarock WC (1998) A time-splitting scheme for the elastic equations incorporating second-order Runge-Kutta time differencing. Mon Weather Rev 126:1992–1999CrossRef
  
• 作者单位：Jihyeon Jang (1) (2)
  Song-You Hong (1) (2)
  
  1. Korea Institute of Atmospheric Prediction Systems, Hankuk Computer Building, 35 Boramae-ro 5 gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 156-849, South Korea
  2. Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
  
• 刊物类别：Earth and Environmental Science
• 刊物主题：Earth sciences
  Meteorology and Climatology
  Atmospheric Protection, Air Quality Control and Air Pollution
  Climate Change
  Mathematical Applications in Environmental Science
  Terrestrial Pollution
  Waste Water Technology, Water Pollution Control, Water Management and Aquatic Pollution
  
• 出版者：Springer Wien
• ISSN：1436-5065

文摘

The spectral method is generally assumed to provide better numerical accuracy than the finite difference method. However, the majority of regional models use finite discretization methods due to the difficulty of specifying time-dependent lateral boundary conditions in spectral models. This study evaluates the behavior of nonhydrostatic dynamics with a spectral discretization. To this end, Juang’s nonhydrostatic dynamical core for the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) regional spectral model has been implemented into the Regional Model Program (RMP) of the Global/Regional Integrated Model system (GRIMs). The behavior of the nonhydrostatic RMP is validated, and compared with that of the hydrostatic core in 2-D idealized experiments: the mountain wave, rising thermal bubble, and density current experiments. The nonhydrostatic effect in the RMP is further validated in comparison with the results from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, which uses a finite difference method. The analyses of the experimental results from the RMP generally follow the characteristics found in previous studies without any discernible difference. For example, in both the RMP and the WRF model, the eastward-tilted propagation of mountain waves is very similar in the nonhydrostatic core experiments. Both nonhydrostatic models also efficiently reproduce the motion and deformation of the warm and cold bubbles, but the RMP results contain more small-scale noise. In a 1-km real-case simulation testbed, the lee waves that originate over the eastern flank of the Korean peninsula travel further eastward in the WRF model than in the RMP. It is found that differences of small-scale wave characteristics between the RMP and WRF model are mainly from the numerical techniques used, such as the accuracy of the advection scheme and the magnitude of the numerical diffusion, rather than from discrepancies in the spatial discretization.