Alcohol and Drug Use and the Developing Brain
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  • 作者:Lindsay M. Squeglia ; Kevin M. Gray
  • 关键词:Alcohol ; Marijuana ; Neural development ; Substance use ; Cognitive functioning ; Neuropsychological testing ; Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ; Functional MRI (fMRI)
  • 刊名:Current Psychiatry Reports
  • 出版年:2016
  • 出版时间:May 2016
  • 年:2016
  • 卷:18
  • 期:5
  • 全文大小:1,099 KB
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  • 作者单位:Lindsay M. Squeglia (1)
    Kevin M. Gray (1) (2)

    1. Addiction Sciences Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, MSC 861, Charleston, SC, USA
    2. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, MSC 861, Charleston, SC, USA
  • 刊物主题:Psychiatry;
  • 出版者:Springer US
  • ISSN:1535-1645
  • 文摘
    Adolescence is an important neurodevelopmental period marked by rapidly escalating rates of alcohol and drug use. Over the past decade, research has attempted to disentangle pre- and post-substance use effects on brain development by using sophisticated longitudinal designs. This review focuses on recent, prospective studies and addresses the following important questions: (1) what neuropsychological and neural features predate adolescent substance use, making youth more vulnerable to engage in heavy alcohol or drug use, and (2) how does heavy alcohol and drug use affect normal neural development and cognitive functioning? Findings suggest that pre-existing neural features that relate to increased substance use during adolescence include poorer neuropsychological functioning on tests of inhibition and working memory, smaller gray and white matter volume, changes in white matter integrity, and altered brain activation during inhibition, working memory, reward, and resting state. After substance use is initiated, alcohol and marijuana use are associated with poorer cognitive functioning on tests of verbal memory, visuospatial functioning, psychomotor speed, working memory, attention, cognitive control, and overall IQ. Heavy alcohol use during adolescence is related to accelerated decreases in gray matter and attenuated increases in white matter volume, as well as increased brain activation during tasks of inhibition and working memory, relative to controls. Larger longitudinal studies with more diverse samples are needed to better understand the interactive effects of alcohol, marijuana, and other substances, as well as the role of sex, co-occurring psychopathology, genetics, sleep, and age of initiation on substance use.

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