A Review of Low Frequency Electromagnetic Wave Phenomena Related to Tropospheric-Ionospheric Coupling Mechanisms

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• 作者：Fernando Sim?es (1) fernando.a.simoes@nasa.gov
  Robert Pfaff (1) robert.f.pfaff@nasa.gov
  Jean-Jacques Berthelier (2) jean-jacques.berthelier@latmos.ipsl.fr
  Jeffrey Klenzing (1) jeffrey.klenzing@nasa.gov
• 关键词：Wave propagation – Lightning – Ionosphere dynamics – Aeronomy – Troposphere ; ionosphere coupling
• 刊名：Space Science Reviews
• 出版年：2012
• 出版时间：June 2012
• 年：2012
• 卷：168
• 期：1-4
• 页码：551-593
• 全文大小：2.4 MB
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• 作者单位：1. NASA/GSFC Heliophysics Science Division, Space Weather Laboratory, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA2. LATMOS/IPSL, UPMC, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
• ISSN：1572-9672

文摘

Investigation of coupling mechanisms between the troposphere and the ionosphere requires a multidisciplinary approach involving several branches of atmospheric sciences, from meteorology, atmospheric chemistry, and fulminology to aeronomy, plasma physics, and space weather. In this work, we review low frequency electromagnetic wave observations in the Earth-ionosphere cavity from a troposphere-ionosphere coupling perspective. We discuss electromagnetic wave generation, propagation, and resonance phenomena, considering atmospheric, ionospheric and magnetospheric sources, from lightning and transient luminous events at low altitude to Alfvén waves and particle precipitation related to solar and magnetospheric processes. We review ionospheric processes as well as surface and space weather phenomena that drive the coupling between the troposphere and the ionosphere. Effects of aerosols, water vapor distribution, thermodynamic parameters, and cloud charge separation and electrification processes on atmospheric electricity and electromagnetic waves are reviewed. Regarding the role of the lower boundary of the cavity, we review transient surface phenomena, including seismic activity, earthquakes, volcanic processes and dust electrification. The role of surface perturbations and atmospheric gravity waves in ionospheric dynamics is also briefly addressed. We summarize analytical and numerical tools and techniques to model low frequency electromagnetic wave propagation and to solve inverse problems and outline in a final section a few challenging subjects that are important to advance our understanding of tropospheric-ionospheric coupling.