Mother knows best: functionally referential alarm calling in white-tailed ptarmigan
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- 作者：Desa M. Ausmus (1) (3)
Jennifer A. Clarke (2) - 关键词：Lagopus leucurus ; Alarm call ; Functionally referential ; Alpine tundra
- 刊名：Animal Cognition
- 出版年：2014
- 出版时间：May 2014
- 年：2014
- 卷：17
- 期：3
- 页码：671-679
- 全文大小：656 KB
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Jennifer A. Clarke (2)
1. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, 80631, USA
3. Bureau of Land Management, 2300 River Frontage Road, Silt, CO, 81652, USA
2. Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia - ISSN：1435-9456
文摘
Functionally referential alarm calls have stimulus specificity, distinct acoustic structure, and elicit different escape responses that are appropriate to the threat. The mechanisms by which escape responses are evoked are not fully understood and may range from eliciting innate responses to conveying representational information. White-tailed ptarmigan (Lagopus leucurus) are a long-lived alpine tundra grouse, which are preyed upon by aerial and terrestrial predators. We investigated the hypothesis that alarm calls of ptarmigan hens with chicks are functionally referential. We recorded hens-alarm calls in response to naturally occurring and model predators in California’s Sierra Nevada alpine tundra for two summer seasons. We conducted playback experiments in the field to determine chick responses to alarm calls. Alarm calls commenced with an extended ‘alerting-note followed by a series of staccato notes grouped into elements. Fundamental and dominant frequencies in element notes were significantly higher in terrestrial compared to aerial threat alarm calls. Playbacks of terrestrial threat alarm calls elicited an upright/alert position by chicks (75?% of responses). In response to aerial threat alarm call playbacks, chicks flattened to the ground and froze (80?% of responses). To our knowledge, this study provides the first empirical evidence of functionally referential alarm calling, including the responses of the receivers, in an avian species in the wild.