Childhood extracranial neoplasms: the role of imaging in drug development and clinical trials

详细信息    查看全文

• 作者：Lucy A. Fowkes ; Dow-Mu Koh ; David J. Collins ; Neil P. Jerome…
• 关键词：Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Neoplasm ; Research ; Clinical trials ; Metabolic imaging ; Children
• 刊名：Pediatric Radiology
• 出版年：2015
• 出版时间：October 2015
• 年：2015
• 卷：45
• 期：11
• 页码：1600-1615
• 全文大小：1,930 KB
• 参考文献：1.Health NCIatNIo (2012) Radiation risks and pediatric computed tomography: a guide for healthcare providers. http://鈥媤ww.鈥媍ancer.鈥媑ov/鈥媍ancertopics/鈥媐actsheet/鈥婼ites-Types/鈥媍hildhood . Accessed 01 Sept 2014
  2.Pritchard-Jones K, Pieters R, Reaman GH et al (2013) Sustaining innovation and improvement in the treatment of childhood cancer: lessons from high-income countries. Lancet Oncol 14:e95鈥揺103PubMed CrossRef
  3.Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M et al (2013) GLOBOCAN 2012 v 1.0: Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: IARC CancerBase No.11 (Internet). In: Lyon FIAfRoC (ed) Available from: http://鈥媑lobocaniarcfr.鈥?Accessed 07 Mar 2014
  4.Vanchieri C, Stith Butler A, Knutsen A (2006) Current challenges in developing and describing drugs for children. Addressing the barriers to paediatric drug development. National Academies Press, Washington DC, pp 20鈥?8
  5.Rose K (2008) Ethical, regulatory and scientific challenges in paediatric drug development. Pharm Med 22:221鈥?34CrossRef
  6.Boklan J (2006) Little patients, losing patience: pediatric cancer drug development. Mol Cancer Ther 5:1905鈥?908PubMed CrossRef
  7.Parsons DW, Li M, Zhang X et al (2011) The genetic landscape of the childhood cancer medulloblastoma. Science 331:435鈥?39PubMed CrossRef PubMed Central
  8.Brodeur GM, Bagatell R (2014) Mechanisms of neuroblastoma regression. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 11:704鈥?13PubMed CrossRef PubMed Central
  9.Jessy T (2011) Immunity over inability: the spontaneous regression of cancer. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2:43鈥?9PubMed CrossRef PubMed Central
  10.Eisenhauer EA, Therasse P, Bogaerts J et al (2009) New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1). Eur J Cancer 45:228鈥?47PubMed CrossRef
  11.Roebuck DJ, Aronson D, Clapuyt P et al (2007) 2005 PRETEXT: a revised staging system for primary malignant liver tumours of childhood developed by the SIOPEL group. Pediatr Radiol 37:123鈥?32, quiz 249鈥?50PubMed CrossRef PubMed Central
  12.Olsen OE, Jeanes AC, Sebire NJ et al (2004) Changes in computed tomography features following preoperative chemotherapy for nephroblastoma: relation to histopathological classification. Eur Radiol 14:990鈥?94PubMed CrossRef
  13.Michaelis LC, Ratain MJ (2006) Measuring response in a post-RECIST world: from black and white to shades of grey. Nat Rev Cancer 6:409鈥?14PubMed CrossRef
  14.Suzuki C, Torkzad MR, Jacobsson H et al (2010) Interobserver and intraobserver variability in the response evaluation of cancer therapy according to RECIST and WHO-criteria. Acta Oncol 49:509鈥?14PubMed CrossRef
  15.Skougaard K, McCullagh MJ, Nielsen D et al (2012) Observer variability in a phase II trial - assessing consistency in RECIST application. Acta Oncol 51:774鈥?80PubMed CrossRef
  16.Yang Z, Tang LH, Klimstra DS (2011) Effect of tumor heterogeneity on the assessment of Ki67 labeling index in well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors metastatic to the liver: implications for prognostic stratification. Am J Surg Pathol 35:853鈥?60PubMed CrossRef
  17.Hockel M, Schlenger K, Aral B et al (1996) Association between tumor hypoxia and malignant progression in advanced cancer of the uterine cervix. Cancer Res 56:4509鈥?515PubMed
  18.Castellano G, Bonilha L, Li LM et al (2004) Texture analysis of medical images. Clin Radiol 59:1061鈥?069PubMed CrossRef
  19.Goh V, Ganeshan B, Nathan P et al (2011) Assessment of response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in metastatic renal cell cancer: CT texture as a predictive biomarker. Radiology 261:165鈥?71PubMed CrossRef
  20.Harrison LC, Luukkaala T, Pertovaara H et al (2009) Non-Hodgkin lymphoma response evaluation with MRI texture classification. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 28:87PubMed CrossRef PubMed Central
  21.Alic L, van Vliet M, van Dijke CF et al (2011) Heterogeneity in DCE-MRI parametric maps: a biomarker for treatment response? Phys Med Biol 56:1601鈥?616PubMed CrossRef
  22.O'Connor JP, Rose CJ, Jackson A et al (2011) DCE-MRI biomarkers of tumour heterogeneity predict CRC liver metastasis shrinkage following bevacizumab and FOLFOX-6. Br J Cancer 105:139鈥?45PubMed CrossRef PubMed Central
  23.Wahl RL, Jacene H, Kasamon Y et al (2009) From RECIST to PERCIST: Evolving considerations for PET response criteria in solid tumors. J Nucl Med 50:122S鈥?50SPubMed CrossRef PubMed Central
  24.Cheson BD, Fisher RI, Barrington SF et al (2014) Recommendations for initial evaluation, staging, and response assessment of Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: the Lugano classification. J Clin Oncol 32:3059鈥?068PubMed CrossRef
  25.Malayeri AA, El Khouli RH, Zaheer A et al (2011) Principles and applications of diffusion-weighted imaging in cancer detection, staging, and treatment follow-up. Radiographics 31:1773鈥?791PubMed CrossRef
  26.Wessely K, Biassoni L, McHugh K (2011) Pitfalls in paediatric oncology imaging. Cancer Imaging 11:144鈥?54PubMed CrossRef PubMed Central
  27.IRCP (1991) 1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. IRCP Publication 60. Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK
  28.Brenner DJ, Hall EJ (2007) Computed tomography鈥揳n increasing source of radiation exposure. N Engl J Med 357:2277鈥?284PubMed CrossRef
  29.Pearce MS, Salotti JA, Little MP et al (2012) Radiation exposure from CT scans in childhood and subsequent risk of leukaemia and brain tumours: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 380:499鈥?05PubMed CrossRef PubMed Central
  30.Miglioretti DL, Johnson E, Williams A et al (2013) The use of computed tomography in pediatrics and the associated radiation exposure and estimated cancer risk. JAMA Pediatr 167:700鈥?07PubMed CrossRef PubMed Central
  31.Meadows AT, Friedman DL, Neglia JP et al (2009) Second neoplasms in survivors of childhood cancer: findings from the childhood cancer survivor study cohort. J Clin Oncol 27:2356鈥?362PubMed CrossRef PubMed Central
  32.Goske MJ, Applegate KE, Boylan J et al (2008) The image gently campaign: working together to change practice. AJR Am J Roentgenol 190:273鈥?74PubMed CrossRef
  33.Radiology ESo (2015) Eurosafe: 27-month tender project PiDRL on the establishment of European DRLs for paediatric patients in December 2013 European Society of Radiology. http://鈥媤ww.鈥媏urosafeimaging.鈥媜rg/鈥媝idrl . Accessed 09 Jan 2015
  34.Paterson A, Frush DP (2007) Dose reduction in paediatric MDCT: general principles. Clini Radiol 62:507鈥?17CrossRef
  35.Alibek S, Brand M, Suess C et al (2011) Dose reduction in pediatric computed tomography with automated exposure control. Acad Radiol 18:690鈥?93PubMed CrossRef
  36.Singh S, Kalra MK, Shenoy-Bhangle AS et al (2012) Radiation dose reduction with hybrid iterative reconstruction for pediatric CT. Radiology 263:537鈥?46PubMed CrossRef
  37.Vorona GA, Ceschin RC, Clayton BL et al (2011) Reducing abdominal CT radiation dose with the adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction technique in children: a feasibility study. Pediatr Radiol 41:1174鈥?182PubMed CrossRef
  38.Hansen S (2009) Feed-and-sleep: a non-invasive and safe alternative to general anaesthesia when imaging very young children. The Radiographer 56:5鈥?. http://鈥媤ww.鈥媘innisjournals.鈥媍om.鈥媋u/鈥媋rticles/鈥媓ansen.鈥媝df . Accessed 09 Jan 2015
  39.Edwards AD, Arthurs OJ (2011) Paediatric MRI under sedation: is it necessary? What is the evidence for the alternatives? Pediatr Radiol 41:1353鈥?364PubMed CrossRef
  40.Wood ML, Runge VM, Henkelman RM (1988) Overcoming motion in abdominal MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 150:513鈥?22
  41.Chavhan GB, Babyn PS, Vasanawala SS (2013) Abdominal MR imaging in children: motion compensation, sequence optimization, and protocol organization. Radiographics 33:703鈥?19
  42.Haacke EM, Patrick JL (1986) Reducing motion artifacts in two-dimensional Fourier transform imaging. Magn Reson Imaging 4:359鈥?76
  43.Vasanawala SS, Lustig M (2011) Advances in pediatric body MRI. Pediatr Radiol 41 Suppl 2:549鈥?54
  44.Glockner JF, Hu HH, Stanley DW et al (2005) Parallel MR imaging: a user's guide. Radiographics 25:1279鈥?297
  45.Schindera ST, Merkle EM, Dale BM et al (2006) Abdominal magnetic resonance imaging at 3.0 T what is the ultimate gain in signal-to-noise ratio? Acad Radiol 13:1236鈥?243
  46.Lustig M, Donoho D Pauly JM (2007) Sparse MRI: The application of compressed sensing for rapid MR imaging. Magn Reson Med 58:1182鈥?195
  47.Thoeny HC, Ross BD (2010) Predicting and monitoring cancer treatment response with diffusion-weighted MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 32:2鈥?6PubMed CrossRef PubMed Central
  48.Le Bihan D, Poupon C, Amadon A et al (2006) Artifacts and pitfalls in diffusion MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 24:478鈥?88PubMed CrossRef
  49.Koh DM, Blackledge M, Collins DJ et al (2009) Reproducibility and changes in the apparent diffusion coefficients of solid tumours treated with combretastatin A4 phosphate and bevacizumab in a two-centre phase I clinical trial. Eur Radiol 19:2728鈥?738PubMed CrossRef
  50.Donati OF, Chong D, Nanz D et al (2014) Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of upper abdominal organs: field strength and intervendor variability of apparent diffusion coefficients. Radiology 270:454鈥?63PubMed CrossRef
  51.Malyarenko D, Galban CJ, Londy FJ et al (2013) Multi-system repeatability and reproducibility of apparent diffusion coefficient measurement using an ice-water phantom. J Magn Reson Imaging 37:1238鈥?246PubMed CrossRef PubMed Central
  52.Andreou A, Koh DM, Collins DJ et al (2013) Measurement reproducibility of perfusion fraction and pseudodiffusion coefficient derived by intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted MR imaging in normal liver and metastases. Eur Radiol 23:428鈥?34PubMed CrossRef
  53.Koh DM, Collins DJ, Orton MR (2011) Intravoxel incoherent motion in body diffusion-weighted MRI: reality and challenges. AJR Am J Roentgenol 196:1351鈥?361PubMed CrossRef
  54.Takahara T, Imai Y, Yamashita T et al (2004) Diffusion weighted whole body imaging with background body signal suppression (DWIBS): technical improvement using free breathing, STIR and high resolution 3D display. Radiat Med 22:275鈥?82PubMed
  55.Koh DM, Takahara T, Imai Y et al (2007) Practical aspects of assessing tumors using clinical diffusion-weighted imaging in the body. Magn Reson Med Sci 6:211-224
  56.Vermoolen MA, Kwee TC, Nievelstein RA (2012) Apparent diffusion coefficient measurements in the differentiation between benign and malignant lesions: a systematic review. Insights Imaging 3:395鈥?09PubMed CrossRef PubMed Central
  57.Alibek S, Cavallaro A, Aplas A et al (2009) Diffusion weighted imaging of pediatric and adolescent malignancies with regard to detection and delineation: initial experience. Acad Radiol 16:866鈥?71PubMed CrossRef
  58.Humphries PD, Sebire NJ, Siegel MJ et al (2007) Tumors in pediatric patients at diffusion-weighted MR imaging: apparent diffusion coefficient and tumor cellularity. Radiology 245:848鈥?54PubMed CrossRef
  59.Kocaoglu M, Bulakbasi N, Sanal HT et al (2010) Pediatric abdominal masses: diagnostic accuracy of diffusion weighted MRI. Magn Reson Imaging 28:629鈥?36PubMed CrossRef
  60.Cui Y, Zhang XP, Sun YS et al (2008) Apparent diffusion coefficient: potential imaging biomarker for prediction and early detection of response to chemotherapy in hepatic metastases. Radiology 248:894鈥?00PubMed CrossRef
  61.Demir S, Altinkaya N, Kocer NE et al (2014) Variations in apparent diffusion coefficient values following chemotherapy in pediatric neuroblastoma. Diagn Interv Radiol. doi: 10.鈥?152/鈥媎ir.鈥?014.鈥?4187
  62.Gururangan S, Fangusaro J, Young Poussaint T et al (2012) Lack of efficacy of Bevacizumab鈥?鈥塱rinotecan in cases of pediatric recurrent ependymoma鈥揳 pediatric brain tumor consortium study. Neuro Oncol 14:1404鈥?412PubMed CrossRef PubMed Central
  63.Koh DM, Scurr E, Collins DJ et al (2006) Colorectal hepatic metastases: quantitative measurements using single-shot echo-planar diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Eur Radiol 16:1898鈥?905PubMed CrossRef
  64.DeVries AF, Kremser C, Hein PA et al (2003) Tumor microcirculation and diffusion predict therapy outcome for primary rectal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 56:958鈥?65PubMed CrossRef
  65.Padhani AR, Liu G, Koh DM et al (2009) Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging as a cancer biomarker: consensus and recommendations. Neoplasia 11:102鈥?25PubMed CrossRef PubMed Central
  66.Koh DM, Blackledge M, Padhani AR et al (2012) Whole-body diffusion-weighted MRI: tips, tricks, and pitfalls. AJR Am J Roentgenol 199:252鈥?62PubMed CrossRef
  67.Littooij AS, Kwee TC, Barber I et al (2014) Whole-body MRI for initial staging of paediatric lymphoma: prospective comparison to an FDG-PET/CT-based reference standard. Eur Radiol 24:1153鈥?165PubMed CrossRef
  68.Klenk C, Gawande R, Uslu L et al (2014) Ionising radiation-free whole-body MRI versus (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT scans for children and young adults with cancer: a prospective, non-randomised, single-centre study. Lancet Oncol 15:275鈥?85PubMed CrossRef
  69.Vaupel P (2004) Tumor microenvironmental physiology and its implications for radiation oncology. Semin Radiat Oncol 14:198鈥?06PubMed CrossRef
  70.Arthurs OJ, Gallagher FA (2011) Functional and molecular imaging with MRI: potential applications in paediatric radiology. Pediatr Radiol 41:185鈥?98PubMed CrossRef
  71.Brix G, Semmler W, Port R et al (1991) Pharmacokinetic parameters in CNS Gd-DTPA enhanced MR imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr 15:621鈥?28PubMed CrossRef
  72.Tofts PS, Kermode AG (1991) Measurement of the blood鈥揵rain barrier permeability and leakage space using dynamic MR imaging. 1. Fundamental concepts. Magn Reson Med 17:357鈥?67PubMed CrossRef
  73.Padhani AR (2002) Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI in clinical oncology: current status and future directions. J Magn Reson Imaging 16:407鈥?22PubMed CrossRef
  74.Leach MO, Brindle KM, Evelhoch JL et al (2005) The assessment of antiangiogenic and antivascular therapies in early-stage clinical trials using magnetic resonance imaging: issues and recommendations. Br J Cancer 92:1599鈥?610PubMed CrossRef PubMed Central
  75.Murphy P, Koh DM (2010) Imaging in clinical trials. Cancer Imaging 10:S74鈥揝82PubMed CrossRef PubMed Central
  76.Jordan BF, Runquist M, Raghunand et al (2005) Dynamic contrast-enhanced and diffusion MRI show rapid and dramatic changes in tumor microenvironment in response to inhibition of HIF-1 alpha using PX-478. Neoplasia 7: 475-485
  77.Vogel-Claussen J, Gimi B, Artemov D et al (2007) Diffusion weighted and macrovascular contrast-enhanced MRI of tumor response to antivascular therapy with ZD6126. Cancer Biol Ther 6: 1469鈥?475
  78.Padhani AR (2002) Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI in clinical oncology: current status and future directions. Mag Reson Med 16: 407鈥?22
  79.O'Connor JP, Jackson A, Parker GJ et al (2012) Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI in clinical trials of antivascular therapies. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 9:167鈥?77PubMed CrossRef
  80.Essig M, Waschkies M, Wenz F et al (2003) Assessment of brain metastases with dynamic susceptibility-weighted contrast-enhanced MR imaging: initial results. Radiology 228:193鈥?99PubMed CrossRef
  81.Feng L, Grimm R, Block KT et al (2014) Golden-angle radial sparse parallel MRI: combination of compressed sensing, parallel imaging, and golden-angle radial sampling for fast and flexible dynamic volumetric MRI. Magn Reson Med 72:707鈥?17PubMed CrossRef PubMed Central
  82.Fletcher BD, Hanna SL, Fairclough DL et al (1992) Pediatric musculoskeletal tumors: use of dynamic, contrast-enhanced MR imaging to monitor response to chemotherapy. Radiology 184:243鈥?48PubMed CrossRef
  83.Guo J, Reddick WE, Glass JO et al (2012) Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging as a prognostic factor in predicting event-free and overall survival in pediatric patients with osteosarcoma. Cancer 118:3776鈥?785PubMed CrossRef PubMed Central
  84.Glade Bender JL, Lee A, Reid JM et al (2013) Phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of pazopanib in children with soft tissue sarcoma and other refractory solid tumors: a children's oncology group phase I consortium report. J Clin Oncol 31:3034鈥?043PubMed CrossRef PubMed Central
  85.Ben Bashat D, Artzi M, Ben Ami H et al (2012) Hemodynamic response imaging: a potential tool for the assessment of angiogenesis in brain tumors. PLoS One 7:e49416PubMed CrossRef PubMed Central
  86.Padhani AR, Krohn KA, Lewis JS et al (2007) Imaging oxygenation of human tumours. Eur Radiol 17:861鈥?72PubMed CrossRef PubMed Central
  87.Rijpkema M, Kaanders JH, Joosten FB et al (2002) Effects of breathing a hyperoxic hypercapnic gas mixture on blood oxygenation and vascularity of head-and-neck tumors as measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 53:1185鈥?191PubMed CrossRef
  88.Robinson SP, Kalber TL, Howe FA et al (2005) Acute tumor response to ZD6126 assessed by intrinsic susceptibility magnetic resonance imaging. Neoplasia 7:466鈥?74PubMed CrossRef PubMed Central
  89.Tong KA, Ashwal S, Obenaus A et al (2008) Susceptibility-weighted MR imaging: a review of clinical applications in children. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 29:9鈥?7PubMed CrossRef
  90.Zhu Y-F (2014) Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging study of jaundice infants before and after light treatment. ClinicalTrials.gov. Accessed 22 Jan 2015
  91.Taylor NJ, Baddeley H, Goodchild KA et al (2001) BOLD MRI of human tumor oxygenation during carbogen breathing. J Magn Reson Imaging 14:156鈥?63PubMed CrossRef
  92.Pollock JM, Tan H, Kraft RA et al (2009) Arterial spin-labeled MR perfusion imaging: clinical applications. Magn Reson Imaging Clin North Am 17:315鈥?38CrossRef
  93.De Bazelaire C, Rofsky NM, Duhamel G et al (2005) Arterial spin labeling blood flow magnetic resonance imaging for the characterization of metastatic renal cell carcinoma(1). Acad Radiol 12:347鈥?57PubMed CrossRef
  94.Pedrosa I, Rafatzand K, Robson P et al (2012) Arterial spin labeling MR imaging for characterisation of renal masses in patients with impaired renal function: initial experience. Eur Radiol 22:484鈥?92PubMed CrossRef
  95.Schraml C, Schwenzer NF, Martirosian P et al (2012) Non-invasive pulmonary perfusion assessment in young patients with cystic fibrosis using an arterial spin labeling MR technique at 1.5聽T. Magma 25:155鈥?62PubMed CrossRef
  96.Peng Q, Zhang Y, Nateras OS et al (2011) MRI of blood flow of the human retina. Magn Reson Med 65:1768鈥?775PubMed CrossRef PubMed Central
  97.Zun Z, Wong EC, Nayak KS (2009) Assessment of myocardial blood flow (MBF) in humans using arterial spin labeling (ASL): feasibility and noise analysis. Magn Reson Med 62:975鈥?83PubMed CrossRef
  98.Frank LR, Wong EC, Haseler LJ et al (1999) Dynamic imaging of perfusion in human skeletal muscle during exercise with arterial spin labeling. Magn Reson Med 42:258鈥?67PubMed CrossRef
  99.Tan H, Maldjian JA, Burdette JH et al. (2008) PASAL Filtering: A method of improving clinical perfusion imaging. ISMRM Meeting. Toronto, Canada
  100.Deibler AR, Pollock JM, Kraft RA et al (2008) Arterial spin-labeling in routine clinical practice, part 1: technique and artifacts. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 29:1228鈥?234PubMed CrossRef
  101.Glunde K, Ackerstaff E, Mori N et al (2006) Choline phospholipid metabolism in cancer: consequences for molecular pharmaceutical interventions. Mol Pharm 3:496鈥?06PubMed CrossRef
  102.Koutcher JA, Ballon D, Graham M et al (1990) 31P NMR spectra of extremity sarcomas: diversity of metabolic profiles and changes in response to chemotherapy. Magn Reson Med 16; 19鈥?4
  103.Maris JM, Evans AE, McLaughlin AC et al (1985) 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic investigation of human neuroblastoma in situ. N Engl J Med 312:1500鈥?505PubMed CrossRef
  104.Vaidya SJ, Payne GS, Leach MO et al (2003) Potential role of magnetic resonance spectroscopy in assessment of tumour response in childhood cancer. Eur J Cancer 39:728鈥?35PubMed CrossRef
  105.Kwock L, Smith JK, Castillo M et al (2002) Clinical applications of proton MR spectroscopy in oncology. Technol Cancer Res Treat 1:17鈥?8PubMed CrossRef
  106.Kurhanewicz J, Vigneron DB (2008) Advances in MR spectroscopy of the prostate. Magn Reson Imaging Clin North Am 16:697鈥?10, ix-x
  107.Kurhanewicz J, Vigneron DB, Brindle K et al (2011) Analysis of cancer metabolism by imaging hyperpolarized nuclei: prospects for translation to clinical research. Neoplasia 13:81鈥?7PubMed CrossRef PubMed Central
  108.Chekmenev EY (2013) MRI hyperpolarization and molecular imaging. http://鈥媔nteractive.鈥媠nm.鈥媜rg/鈥媎ocs/鈥婱I_鈥婫ateway_鈥婲ewsletter_鈥?013-3.鈥媝df"/鈥?gt; . Accessed 09 Jan 2015
  109.Golman K, Zandt RI, Lerche M et al (2006) Metabolic imaging by hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance imaging for in vivo tumor diagnosis. Cancer Res 66:10855鈥?0860PubMed CrossRef
  110.Nelson SJ, Kurhanewicz J, Vigneron DB et al (2013) Metabolic imaging of patients with prostate cancer using hyperpolarized [1-(1)(3)C]pyruvate. Sci Transl Med 5:198ra108
  111.Day SE, Kettunen MI, Gallagher FA et al (2007) Detecting tumor response to treatment using hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. Nat Med 13:1382鈥?387PubMed CrossRef
  112.Dorfman GS, Sullivan DC, Schnall MD et al (2008) The translational research working group developmental pathway for image-based assessment modalities. Clin Cancer Res 14:5678鈥?684PubMed CrossRef
  113.Muthupillai R, Ehman RL (1996) Magnetic resonance elastography. Nat Med 2:601鈥?03PubMed CrossRef
  114.Serai SD, Towbin AJ, Podberesky DJ (2012) Pediatric liver MR elastography. Dig Dis Sci 57:2713鈥?719PubMed CrossRef
  115.Garteiser P, Doblas S, Daire JL et al (2012) MR elastography of liver tumours: value of viscoelastic properties for tumour characterisation. Eur Radiol 22:2169鈥?177PubMed CrossRef
  116.Ben-Haim S, Ell P (2009) 18聽F-FDG PET and PET/CT in the evaluation of cancer treatment response. J Nucl Med 50:88鈥?9PubMed CrossRef
  117.McCarville MB (2009) PET-CT imaging in pediatric oncology. Cancer Imaging 9:35鈥?3PubMed CrossRef PubMed Central
  118.Ling CC, Humm J, Larson S et al (2000) Towards multidimensional radiotherapy (MD-CRT): biological imaging and biological conformality. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 47:551鈥?60PubMed CrossRef
  119.Stauss J, Franzius C, Pfluger T et al (2008) Guidelines for 18聽F-FDG PET and PET-CT imaging in paediatric oncology. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 35:1581鈥?588PubMed CrossRef
  120.Riad R, Omar W, Kotb M et al (2010) Role of PET/CT in malignant pediatric lymphoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 37:319鈥?29PubMed CrossRef
  121.Shammas A, Lim R, Charron M (2009) Pediatric FDG PET/CT: physiologic uptake, normal variants, and benign conditions. Radiographics 29:1467鈥?486PubMed CrossRef
  122.IAEA (2013) Radiation protection of patients: PET-CT scanning. IAEA, Vienna International Centre, Austria. https://鈥媟pop.鈥媔aea.鈥媜rg/鈥婻POP/鈥婻PoP/鈥婥ontent/鈥婭nformationFor/鈥婬ealthProfession鈥媋ls/鈥?_鈥婳therClinicalSpe鈥媍ialities/鈥婸ETCTscan.鈥媓tm#PETCT_鈥婩AQ01 . Accessed 20 Jan 2015
  123.Chawla SC, Federman N, Zhang D et al (2010) Estimated cumulative radiation dose from PET/CT in children with malignancies: a 5-year retrospective review. Pediatr Radiol 40:681鈥?86PubMed CrossRef PubMed Central
  124.Callahan J, Kron T, Schneider-Kolsky M et al (2011) The clinical significance and management of lesion motion due to respiration during PET/CT scanning. Cancer Imaging 11:224鈥?36PubMed PubMed Central
  125.Nehmeh SA, Erdi YE, Ling CC et al (2002) Effect of respiratory gating on reducing lung motion artifacts in PET imaging of lung cancer. Med Phys 29:366鈥?71PubMed CrossRef
  126.Erdi YE, Nehmeh SA, Pan T et al (2004) The CT motion quantitation of lung lesions and its impact on PET-measured SUVs. J Nucl Med 45:1287鈥?292PubMed
  127.Van Der Gucht A, Serrano B, Hugonnet F et al (2014) Impact of a new respiratory amplitude-based gating technique in evaluation of upper abdominal PET lesions. Eur J Radiol 83:509鈥?15CrossRef
  128.Federico SM, Spunt SL, Krasin MJ et al (2013) Comparison of PET-CT and conventional imaging in staging pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 60:1128鈥?134PubMed CrossRef PubMed Central
  129.Moses WW (2011) Fundamental limits of spatial resolution in PET. Nulc Instrum Methods Phys Res A 648 Supplement 1:S236-S240
  130.Hirsch FW, Sattler B, Sorge I et al (2013) PET/MR in children. Initial clinical experience in paediatric oncology using an integrated PET/MR scanner. Pediatr Radiol 43:860鈥?75PubMed CrossRef PubMed Central
  
• 作者单位：Lucy A. Fowkes (1)
  Dow-Mu Koh (1)
  David J. Collins (2)
  Neil P. Jerome (2)
  David MacVicar (1)
  Sue C. Chua (3)
  Andrew D. J. Pearson (4)
  
  1. Department of Radiology, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, SM2 5PT, Surrey, UK
  2. Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, SM2 5NG, Surrey, UK
  3. Nuclear Medicine & PET Department, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, SM2 5PT, Surrey, UK
  4. Paediatric Drug Development Unit, Children and Young People鈥檚 Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, SM2 5PT, Surrey, UK
  
• 刊物类别：Medicine
• 刊物主题：Medicine & Public Health
  Imaging and Radiology
  Pediatrics
  Neuroradiology
  Nuclear Medicine
  Ultrasound
  Oncology
  
• 出版者：Springer Berlin / Heidelberg
• ISSN：1432-1998

文摘

Cancer is the leading cause of death in children older than 1 year of age and new drugs are necessary to improve outcomes. Imaging is crucial to the drug development process and assessment of therapeutic response. In adults, tumours are often assessed with CT using size criteria. Unfortunately, techniques established in adults are not necessarily applicable in children due to differing pathophysiology, ability to cooperate and increased susceptibility to ionising radiation. MRI, in particular quantitative MRI, has to date not been fully utilised in children with extracranial neoplasms. The specific challenges of imaging in children, the potential for functional imaging techniques to inform upon and their inclusion in clinical trials are discussed. Keywords Computed tomography Magnetic resonance imaging Neoplasm Research Clinical trials Metabolic imaging Children