Comparison of thunderstorm hours registered by the lightning detection network and human observers in Estonia, 2006-011

详细信息    查看全文

• 作者：S. E. Enno
• 刊名：Theoretical and Applied Climatology
• 出版年：2015
• 出版时间：July 2015
• 年：2015
• 卷：121
• 期：1-2
• 页码：13-22
• 全文大小：792 KB
• 参考文献：Bielec-Bakowska Z (2003) Long-term variability of thunderstorm occurrence in Poland in the 20th century. Atmos Res 67-8:35-2. doi:10.-016/?S0169-8095(03)00082-6 View Article
  Burrows WR, King P, Lewis PJ, Kochtubajda B, Snyder B, Turcotte V (2002) Lightning occurrence patterns over Canada and adjacent United States from lightning detection network observations. Atmos Ocean 40:59-0. doi:10.-137/?ao.-00104 View Article
  Changnon SA (1989) Relations of thunderstorms and cloud-to-ground lightning frequencies. J Clim 2:897-21. doi:10.-175/-520-0442(1989)002<0897:?ROTACT>2.-.?CO;2 View Article
  Changnon SA (1993) Relationships between thunderstorms and cloud-to-ground lightning in the United States. J Appl Meteorol 32:88-04. doi:10.-175/-520-0450(1993)032<0088:?RBTACT>2.-.?CO;2 View Article
  Changnon SA (2001) Assessment of the quality of thunderstorm data at first-order stations. J Appl Meteorol 40:783-94View Article
  Changnon SA, Changnon D (2001) Long-term fluctuations in the thunderstorm activity in the United States. Clim Chang 50:489-03. doi:10.-023/?A:-010651512934 View Article
  Changnon SA, Changnon D, Pyle RB (1988) Thunder events and cloud-to-ground lightning frequencies. J Geophys Res 93(D8):9495-502. doi:10.-029/?JD093iD08p09495 View Article
  Dancey C, Reidy J (2004) Statistics without maths for psychology: using SPSS for Windows. Prentice Hall, London
  Enno SE (2011) A climatology of cloud-to-ground lightning over Estonia, 2005-009. Atmos Res 100:310-17. doi:10.-016/?j.?atmosres.-010.-8.-24 View Article
  Enno SE, Briede A, Valiukas D (2013) Climatology of thunderstorms in the Baltic countries, 1951-000. Theor Appl Climatol 111(1-):309-25. doi:10.-007/?s00704-012-0666-2 View Article
  Fleagle RG (1949) The audibility of thunder. J Acoust Soc Am 21(4):411-12. doi:10.-121/-.-906528 View Article
  Kuleshov Y, Hoedt G, Wright W, Brewster A (2002) Thunderstorm distribution and frequency in Australia. Aust Meteorol Mag 51:145-54
  Loginov VF, Volchek AA, Shpoka IN (2010) Estimation of the role of various factors in the thunderstorm formation on the territory of Belarus. Russ Meteorol Hydrol 35(3):175-81. doi:10.-103/?S106837391003003- View Article
  Lomax RG (2007) Multiple regression. In: Lomax RG (ed) An introduction to statistical concepts, 2nd edn. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers, Mahwah, pp 387-09
  Maier LM, Krider EP, Maier MW (1984) Average diurnal variation of summer lightning over the Florida peninsula. Mon Weather Rev 112:1134-140. doi:10.-175/-520-0493(1984)112<1134:?ADVOSL>2.-.?CO;2 View Article
  M?kel? A, Enno SE, Haapalainen J (2014) Nordic lightning information system: thunderstorm climate of Northern Europe for the period 2002-011. Atmos Res 139:46-1View Article
  M?kel? A, Tuomi TJ, Haapalainen J (2010) A decade of high-latitude lightning location: effects of the evolving location network in Finland. J Geophys Res 115(D21124). doi:10.-029/-009JD012183
  Orville RE, Huffines GR (2001) Cloud-to-ground lightning in the United States: NLDN results in the first decade, 1989-8. Mon Weather Rev 129:1179-193. doi:10.-175/-520-0493(2001)129<1179:?CTGLIT>2.-.?CO;2 View Article
  Rakov VA, Uman MA (2003) Incidence of lightning. In: Rakov VA, Uman MA (eds) Lightning: physics and effects. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 24-6View Article
  Reap RM (1993) The use of network lightning data to detect thunderstorms near surface reporting stations. Mon Weather Rev 121:464-69. doi:10.-175/-520-0493(1993)121<0464:?TUONLD>2.-.?CO;2 View Article
  Reap RM, Orville RE (1990) The relationships between network lightning locations and surface hourly observations of thunderstorms. Mon Weather Rev 118:94-08. doi:10.-175/-520-0493(1990)118<0094:?TRBNLS>2.-.?CO;2 View Article
  Rivas Soriano L, de Pablo F, Tomas C (2005) Ten-year study of cloud-to-ground lighting activity in the Iberian Peninsula. J Atmos Sol Terr Phys 67:1632-639. doi:10.-016/?j.?jastp.-005.-8.-19 View Article
  Sonnadara U, Cooray V, G?tschl T (2006) Characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning flashes over Sweden. Phys Scr 74:541-48. doi:10.-088/-031-8949/-4/-/-10 View Article
  Tuomi TJ (2001) Lightning observations in Finland, 2001. Geophysical Publications 55. Finnish Meteorological Institute
  Tuomi TJ, M?kel? A (2008a) Thunderstorm climate of Finland 1998-007. Geophysica 44(1-):67-0
  Tuomi TJ, M?kel? A (2008b) Binomial model of lightning detection efficiency. J Lightning Res 1:1-
  Zheng L-L, Sun J-H, Wei J (2010) Thunder events in China: 1980-008. Atmos Ocean Sci Lett 3(4):181-88
  
• 作者单位：S. E. Enno (1)
  
  1. Department of Geography, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
  
• 刊物类别：Earth and Environmental Science
• 刊物主题：Earth sciences
  Meteorology and Climatology
  Atmospheric Protection, Air Quality Control and Air Pollution
  Climate Change
  Waste Water Technology, Water Pollution Control, Water Management and Aquatic Pollution
  
• 出版者：Springer Wien
• ISSN：1434-4483

文摘

Relationships between the lightning detection network data and human-reported thunderstorms were studied in Estonia during the period of 2006-011. Estonia is located in northeastern Europe between 57.5° to 59.5° N and 21° to 28.5° E. Numbers of thunderstorm days (TD) and thunderstorm hours (TH) reported by 61 volunteer observers and six meteorological stations were compared to the data of the lightning detection network. Results indicated that the flash data within 9.0?km from the sites of volunteer observers should be used in order to derive TD numbers equal to human observations. Larger radius of 14.7?km was found on the basis of six meteorological stations with probably better quality of thunderstorm observations. Due to data quality issues, the daily and monthly numbers of THs reported by individual observers explained only 12-9?% of variations in the flash counts within 40?km of their observing sites. In contrast, the average TH data of all observers successfully explained 75-6?% of variations in daily and monthly flash counts within 40?km of the observation sites. The main advantage of using the average data of many human observers seems to be that in case of a dense network, the neighboring observers tend to compensate for each other’s errors. In general, intense storms close to observing sites were found to be most successfully reported by human observers. The most important conclusion of the study is that although human observations of thunderstorms and automatic lightning observations are very different methods, they generally give similar results.