Evolutionary formation of gene clusters by reorganization: the meleagrin/roquefortine paradigm in different fungi

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• 作者：Juan F. Martín ; Paloma Liras
• 关键词：Roquefortine ; Meleagrin ; Penicillium roqueforti ; Secondary metabolites ; Gene clusters ; Cluster reorganization
• 刊名：Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：February 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：100
• 期：4
• 页码：1579-1587
• 全文大小：459 KB
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• 作者单位：Juan F. Martín (1)
  Paloma Liras (2)
  
  1. Área de Microbiología, Departmento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
  2. Infobiotics Consulting SL, 24004, León, Spain
  
• 刊物类别：Chemistry and Materials Science
• 刊物主题：Chemistry
  Biotechnology
  Microbiology
  Microbial Genetics and Genomics
  
• 出版者：Springer Berlin / Heidelberg
• ISSN：1432-0614

文摘

The biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in fungi is catalyzed by enzymes encoded by genes linked in clusters that are frequently co-regulated at the transcriptional level. Formation of gene clusters may take place by de novo assembly of genes recruited from other cellular functions, but also novel gene clusters are formed by reorganization of progenitor clusters and are distributed by horizontal gene transfer. This article reviews (i) the published information on the roquefortine/meleagrin/neoxaline gene clusters of Penicillium chrysogenum (Penicillium rubens) and the short roquefortine cluster of Penicillium roqueforti, and (ii) the correlation of the genes present in those clusters with the enzymes and metabolites derived from these pathways. The P. chrysogenum roq/mel cluster consists of seven genes and includes a gene (roqT) encoding a 12-TMS transporter protein of the MFS family. Interestingly, the orthologous P. roquefortine gene cluster has only four genes and the roqT gene is present as a residual pseudogene that encodes only small peptides. Two of the genes present in the central region of the P. chrysogenum roq/mel cluster have been lost during the evolutionary formation of the short cluster and the order of the structural genes in the cluster has been rearranged. The two lost genes encode a N1 atom hydroxylase (nox) and a roquefortine scaffold-reorganizing oxygenase (sro). As a consequence P. roqueforti has lost the ability to convert the roquefortine-type carbon skeleton to the glandicoline/meleagrin-type scaffold and is unable to produce glandicoline B, meleagrin and neoxaline. The loss of this genetic information is not recent and occurred probably millions of years ago when a progenitor Penicillium strain got adapted to life in a few rich habitats such as cheese, fermented cereal grains or silage. P. roqueforti may be considered as a “domesticated” variant of a progenitor common to contemporary P. chrysogenum and related Penicillia. Keywords Roquefortine Meleagrin Penicillium roqueforti Secondary metabolites Gene clusters Cluster reorganization