Cereal chaff used as temper in loom-weights: new evidence from a Slovenian Eneolithic pile-dwelling site (ca. 3100 cal bc)

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• 作者：Tjaša Tolar ; Stefanie Jacomet ; Anton Velušček
• 关键词：Eneolithic ; Waterlogged preservation ; Cereal by ; products ; “Strange type” of emmer
• 刊名：Vegetation History and Archaeobotany
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：May 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：25
• 期：3
• 页码：291-301
• 全文大小：1,324 KB
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• 作者单位：Tjaša Tolar (1)
  Stefanie Jacomet (2)
  Anton Velušček (1)
  
  1. ZRC SAZU, Institute of Archaeology, Novi trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
  2. Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Prehistory and Archaeological Science IPAS, Basel University, Spalenring 145, 4055, Basel, Switzerland
  
• 刊物类别：Earth and Environmental Science
• 刊物主题：Earth sciences
  Geology
  Anthropology
  
• 出版者：Springer Berlin / Heidelberg
• ISSN：1617-6278

文摘

We present new evidence of the intentional use of cereal by-products at Stare gmajne, an Eneolithic pile-dwelling site in Slovenia, dated approximately 3160–3100 cal bc. The chaff material, which had been used for tempering, was discovered inside one of the largest discovered loom-weights and analysed. Clay, which was used by the dwellers to make the weight, was tempered with cereal chaff to reinforce it. The practice of tempering, not necessarily for loom weights, has already been proven for earlier settlements, mostly in arid areas where firewood, grazing and building material were scarce. However, tempering has rarely been found in European prehistoric sites. More than 1,800 carbonised and half-carbonised, excellently preserved and well identifiable cereal plant macroremains in less than 1 l of waterlogged clayey material were sorted and counted. Among the recognized plant macroremains, barley rachis fragments and glume wheat (emmer and einkorn) by-products such as spikelet forks and glume bases prevailed. A few grains were also found. Cultivation of the main crops of emmer, einkorn and barley at Slovenian Eneolithic pile-dwelling sites was confirmed again. Among the chaff, a new “strange type” of Triticum dicoccum (emmer) spikelet forks was discovered. The size of the weight and the intentional local use of cereal by-products as temper suggest that late Neolithic (Eneolithic) pile-dwelling societies all around the Alps were highly organized and developed due to expansion of crop production and processing.