Understanding venous malformations of the head and neck: a comprehensive insight

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• 作者：Giacomo Colletti ; Anna Maria Ierardi
• 关键词：Venous malformation ; Vascular malformation ; Hemangioma ; Cavernous ; Angioma ; Sclerotherapy ; Sclerosant
• 刊名：Medical Oncology
• 出版年：2017
• 出版时间：March 2017
• 年：2017
• 卷：34
• 期：3
• 全文大小：
• 刊物主题：Oncology; Hematology; Pathology; Internal Medicine;
• 出版者：Springer US
• ISSN：1559-131X
• 卷排序：34

文摘

Venous malformations (VMs) are congenital vascular malformations. They are very often misnamed and thus incorrectly managed. The aim of the present paper is to provide the reader with the most updated literature available and to offer a detailed description of each single aspect of this disease. In detail, the paper discusses the epidemiology, the embryological origins and the physiopathology of VMs. Then, the clinical features of sporadic, inherited and syndromic VMs are discussed. The instrumental diagnosis is presented, and the role of US, CT, MRI and phlebography is pointed out. Differential diagnoses with other vascular malformations and tumors are described. The clinical session ends with the staging of VMs relying on MRI and rheological features. All aspects of treatment are described: conservative measures, medical treatment, sclerotherapy, laser and surgery are thoroughly discussed. A section is reserved to bony VMs. Their clinical aspects and the appropriate treatment are presented.