Why the South Pacific Convergence Zone is diagonal

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• 作者：Karin van der Wiel ; Adrian J. Matthews ; Manoj M. Joshi…
• 关键词：SPCZ ; SST ; IGCM4 ; Asymmetry ; Rossby waves ; Moisture transport
• 刊名：Climate Dynamics
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：March 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：46
• 期：5-6
• 页码：1683-1698
• 全文大小：5,535 KB
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• 作者单位：Karin van der Wiel (1) (2)
  Adrian J. Matthews (1) (2) (3)
  Manoj M. Joshi (1) (2) (4)
  David P. Stevens (1) (3)
  
  1. Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
  2. School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
  3. School of Mathematics, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
  4. Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
  
• 刊物类别：Earth and Environmental Science
• 刊物主题：Earth sciences
  Geophysics and Geodesy
  Meteorology and Climatology
  Oceanography
  
• 出版者：Springer Berlin / Heidelberg
• ISSN：1432-0894

文摘

During austral summer, the majority of precipitation over the Pacific Ocean is concentrated in the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ). The surface boundary conditions required to support the diagonally (northwest–southeast) oriented SPCZ are determined through a series of experiments with an atmospheric general circulation model. Continental configuration and orography do not have a significant influence on SPCZ orientation and strength. The key necessary boundary condition is the zonally asymmetric component of the sea surface temperature (SST) distribution. This leads to a strong subtropical anticyclone over the southeast Pacific that, on its western flank, transports warm moist air from the equator into the SPCZ region. This moisture then intensifies (diagonal) bands of convection that are initiated by regions of ascent and reduced static stability ahead of the cyclonic vorticity in Rossby waves that are refracted toward the westerly duct over the equatorial Pacific. The climatological SPCZ is comprised of the superposition of these diagonal bands of convection. When the zonally asymmetric SST component is reduced or removed, the subtropical anticyclone and its associated moisture source is weakened. Despite the presence of Rossby waves, significant moist convection is no longer triggered; the SPCZ disappears. The diagonal SPCZ is robust to large changes (up to ±6 °C) in absolute SST (i.e. where the SST asymmetry is preserved). Extreme cooling (change <−6 °C) results in a weaker and more zonal SPCZ, due to decreasing atmospheric temperature, moisture content and convective available potential energy.