Thermal maturity and petroleum kitchen areas of Liassic Black Shales (Lower Jurassic) in the central Upper Rhine Graben, Germany
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- 作者：Johannes Böcker ; Ralf Littke
- 关键词：Upper Rhine Graben ; Thermal maturity ; Vitrinite reflectance ; T max ; Spore coloration index ; Posidonia Shale ; Cretaceous erosion
- 刊名：International Journal of Earth Sciences
- 出版年：2016
- 出版时间：March 2016
- 年：2016
- 卷：105
- 期：2
- 页码：611-636
- 全文大小：10,277 KB
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Ralf Littke (1)
1. Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Petroleum and Coal, Energy and Mineral Resources Group (EMR), RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany - 刊物类别：Earth and Environmental Science
- 刊物主题：Earth sciences
Geology
Geophysics and Geodesy - 出版者：Springer Berlin / Heidelberg
- ISSN：1437-3262
文摘
In the central Upper Rhine Graben (URG), several major oil fields have been sourced by Liassic Black Shales. In particular, the Posidonia Shale (Lias ε, Lower Toarcian) acts as excellent and most prominent source rock in the central URG. This study is the first comprehensive synthesis of Liassic maturity data in the URG area and SW Germany. The thermal maturity of the Liassic Black Shales has been analysed by vitrinite reflectance (VRr) measurements, which have been verified with T max and spore coloration index (SCI) data. In outcrops and shallow wells (<600 m), the Liassic Black Shales reached maturities equivalent to the very early or early oil window (ca. 0.50–0.60 % VRr). This maturity is found in Liassic outcrops and shallow wells in the entire URG area and surrounding Swabian Jura Mountains. Maximum temperatures of the Posidonia Shale before graben formation are in the order of 80–90 °C. These values were likely reached during Late Cretaceous times due to significant Upper Jurassic and minor Cretaceous deposition and influenced by higher heat flows of the beginning rift event at about 70 Ma. In this regard, the consistent regional maturity data (VRr, T max, SCI) of 0.5−0.6 % VRr for the Posidonia Shale close to surface suggest a major burial-controlled maturation before graben formation. These consistent maturity data for Liassic outcrops and shallow wells imply no significant oil generation and expulsion from the Posidonia Shale before formation of the URG. A detailed VRr map has been created using VRr values of 31 wells and outcrops with a structure map of the Posidonia Shale as reference map for a depth-dependent gridding operation. Highest maturity levels occur in the area of the Rastatt Trough (ca. 1.5 % VRr) and along the graben axis with partly very high VRr gradients (e.g. well Scheibenhardt 2). In these deep graben areas, the maximum temperatures which were reached during upper Oligocene to Miocene times greatly exceed those during the Cretaceous. Keywords Upper Rhine Graben Thermal maturity Vitrinite reflectance T max Spore coloration index Posidonia Shale Cretaceous erosion