Food habits of the snow leopard Panthera uncia (Schreber, 1775) in Baltistan, Northern Pakistan

详细信息    查看全文

• 作者：Muhammad Bilal Anwar (1)
  Rodney Jackson (2)
  Muhammad Sajid Nadeem (1) sajidaaur@gmail.com
  Jan E. Jane?ka (3)
  Shafqat Hussain (4)
  Mirza Azhar Beg (1)
  Ghulam Muhammad (5)
  Mazhar Qayyum (1)
• 关键词：Himalayas – Karakoram – Scat – Diet – Hair – Livestock – Biomass
• 刊名：European Journal of Wildlife Research
• 出版年：2011
• 出版时间：October 2011
• 年：2011
• 卷：57
• 期：5
• 页码：1077-1083
• 全文大小：222.3 KB
• 参考文献：1. Ackerman BB, Lindzey FG, Hemker TP (1984) Cougar food habits in southern Utah. J Wildl Manage 48:147–155
  2. Ahlborn GG, Jackson RM (1988) Marking in free-ranging snow leopards in west Nepal: a preliminary assessment. In: Freeman H (ed) Proceedings of the Fifth International Snow Leopard Symposium, Int. Snow Leopard Trust and Wildlife Institute of India, p. 269
  3. Bagchi S, Mishra C (2006) Living with large carnivores: predation on livestock by the snow leopard (Uncia uncia). J Zool (London) 268(3):217–224
  4. Chundawat RS, Rawat GS (1994) Food habits of the snow leopard in Ladakh. In: Fox JL, Jizeng D (eds) International Snow Leopard Trust and Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Seattle, 127–132
  5. Conservation news (2001) Snow Leopard conservation: a NABU project in Kyrgyzstan. Oryx 35(4):354
  6. Floyd TJ, Mech LD, Jordan PA (1978) Relating wolf scat content to prey consumed. J Wildl Manage 42:528–532
  7. Heptner V, Sludskii AA (1992) Mammals of the Soviet Union. Volume II, Part 2 Carnivora (hyaenas and cats). Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation, Washington DC, p 748
  8. Hussain S (2000) Protecting the snow leopard and enhancing farmer's livelihoods. Mt Res Dev 20(3):226–231
  9. Hussain S (2003) The status of the snow leopard in Pakistan and its conflict with local farmers. Oryx 37(1):26–33
  10. Jackson RM (1996) Home range, movements and habitat use of snow leopard (Uncia Uncia) in Nepal. Ph.D. thesis, University of London (External Programme), London, UK. 233 p
  11. Jackson R, Hunter DO (1995) Snow leopard survey and conservation handbook, 3rd edn. International Snow Leopard Trust and U.S. National Biological Service, Seattle, p 120
  12. Jackson R, Wang Z, Xuedong Lu, Chen Y (1994) Snow leopards in the Qomolangma nature preserve of the Tibet autonomous region. Proc Int Snow Leopard Symp 7(1):85–96
  13. Jane?ka JE, Jackson R, Yuquang Z, Diqiang L, Munkhtsog B, Buckley-Beason V, Murphy WJ (2008) Population monitoring of snow leopards using noninvasive collection of scat samples: a pilot study. Anim Conserv 11:401–411
  14. Lovari S, Boesi R, Minder I, Mucci N, Randi E, Dematteis A, Ale SB (2009) Restoring a keystone predator may endanger a prey species in a human-altered ecosystem: the return of the snow leopard to Sagarmatha National Park. Anim Conserv 12:559–570
  15. Mallon D (1984) The snow leopard in Ladakh. In: Blomqvist L (ed) International pedigree book of snow leopard vol. 4. Proceedings of a symposium, Krefed. W. Germany. Helsinki, Finland
  16. Nowell K, Jackson P (1996) Wild cats: a status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN, Gland
  17. Oli MK (1993) A key for the identification of hair of mammals of a snow leopard (Panthera uncia) habitat in Nepal. J Zool (London) 231:71–93
  18. Oli MK, Taylor IR, Rogers ME (1993) The diet of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. J Zool (London) 231:365–370
  19. Roberts TJ (1997) The mammals of Pakistan. Oxford University Press, Karachi, p 361
  20. Sangay T, Vernes K (2008) Human-wildlife conflict in the Kingdom of Bhutan: patterns of livestock predation by large mammalian carnivores. Biol Conserv 141:1272–1282
  21. Schaller GB (1971) Imperilled phantom of Asian peaks. Natl Geogr 140(5):702–707
  22. Schaller GB (1976) Mountain mammals in Pakistan. Oryx 13(4):351–356
  23. Schaller GB (1977) Mountain monarchs: wild sheep and goats of the Himalaya. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, p 426
  24. Schaller GB, Junrang R, Mingjiang Q (1988) Status of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in Qinghai and Gansu provinces, China. Biol Conserv 45:179–194
  25. Schweinfurst U (1975) The Himalaya: complexity of a mountain system manifested by its vegetation. Mt Res Dev 4(1):339–344
  26. Sheikh KM, Malour S (2005) Status and red list of Pakistan's mammals based on Pakistan's conservation assessment and management plan for mammals. IUCN, Pakistan
  27. Teerink BJ (1991) Hair of west-European mammals. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
  28. Umrani AP, English PR, Younie PR (1998) Rangeland conditions and animal production system in Pakistan. Desertif Control 32:30–39
• 作者单位：1. Department of Zoology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Murree Road, Rawalpindi, 46300 Pakistan2. Snow Leopard Conservancy, 18030 Comstock Ave, Sonoma, CA 95476, USA3. Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA4. Trinity College, 300 Summit Street, Hartford, CT 06106, USA5. Baltistan Wildlife Conservation and Development Organization (Reg.), Sadpara Road, Skardu, Baltistan, Pakistan
• 刊物类别：Biomedical and Life Sciences
• 刊物主题：Life Sciences
  Zoology
  Animal Ecology
  
• 出版者：Springer Berlin / Heidelberg
• ISSN：1439-0574

文摘

The snow leopard (Panthera uncia) inhabits the high, remote mountains of Pakistan from where very little information is available on prey use of this species. Our study describes the food habits of the snow leopard in the Himalayas and Karakoram mountain ranges in Baltistan, Pakistan. Ninety-five putrid snow leopard scats were collected from four sites in Baltistan. Of these, 49 scats were genetically confirmed to have originated from snow leopards. The consumed prey was identified on the basis of morphological characteristics of hairs recovered from the scats. It was found that most of the biomass consumed (70%) was due to domestic livestock viz. sheep (23%), goat (16%), cattle (10%), yak (7%), and cattle–yak hybrids (14%). Only 30% of the biomass was due to wild species, namely Siberian ibex (21%), markhor (7%), and birds (2%). Heavy predation on domestic livestock appeared to be the likely cause of conflict with the local inhabitants. Conservation initiatives should focus on mitigating this conflict by minimizing livestock losses.