Doping with anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS): Adverse effects on non-reproductive organs and functions

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• 作者：Eberhard Nieschlag ; Elena Vorona
• 关键词：Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) ; Performance and appearance enhancing drugs (PAED) ; Adverse effects ; Stroke ; Cardiomyopathies ; Hepatotoxicity ; Aggression ; Depression
• 刊名：Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders
• 出版年：2015
• 出版时间：September 2015
• 年：2015
• 卷：16
• 期：3
• 页码：199-211
• 全文大小：414 KB
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• 作者单位：Eberhard Nieschlag (1) (2)
  Elena Vorona (3)
  
  1. Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
  2. Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  3. Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Rheumatology, Dortmund, Germany
  
• 刊物类别：Medicine
• 刊物主题：Medicine & Public Health
  Diabetes
  Internal Medicine
  
• 出版者：Springer Netherlands
• ISSN：1573-2606

文摘

Since the 1970s anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) have been abused at ever increasing rates in competitive athletics, in recreational sports and in bodybuilding. Exceedingly high doses are often consumed over long periods, in particular by bodybuilders, causing acute or chronic adverse side effects frequently complicated by additional polypharmacy. This review summarizes side effects on non-reproductive organs and functions; effects on male and female reproduction have been recently reviewed in a parallel paper. Among the most striking AAS side effects are increases in haematocrit and coagulation causing thromboembolism, intracardiac thrombosis and stroke as well as other cardiac disturbances including arrhythmias, cardiomyopathies and possibly sudden death. 17α-alkylated AAS are liver toxic leading to cholestasis, peliosis, adenomas and carcinomas. Hyperbilirubinaemia can cause cholemic nephrosis and kidney failure. AAS abuse may induce exaggerated self-confidence, reckless behavior, aggressiveness and psychotic symptoms. AAS withdrawal may be accompanied by depression and suicidal intentions. Since AAS abuse is not or only reluctantly admitted physicians should be aware of the multitude of serious side effects when confronted with unclear symptoms, Keywords Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) Performance and appearance enhancing drugs (PAED) Adverse effects Stroke Cardiomyopathies Hepatotoxicity Aggression Depression