Tourette syndrome and comorbid ADHD: causes and consequences
详细信息    查看全文
  • 作者：N. El Malhany (1)
    M. Gulisano (2)
    R. Rizzo (2)
    P. Curatolo (1)

    1. Section of Child Neuropsychiatry     ; Department of Neurosciences ; Tor Vergata University ; Viale Oxford 81 ; 00133 ; Rome ; Italy
    2. Section of Child Neuropsychiatry     ; Department of Medical and Pediatric Sciences ; Catania University ; Via Santa Sofia 78 ; 95123 ; Catania ; Italy
  • 关键词：Tourette syndrome ; ADHD ; Tic ; Genetics ; Pathophysiology ; Treatment
  • 刊名：European Journal of Pediatrics
  • 出版年：2015
  • 出版时间：March 2015
  • 年：2015
  • 卷：174
  • 期：3
  • 页码：279-288
  • 全文大小：309 KB
  • 参考文献：1. Abelson JF, Kwan KY, O鈥橰oak BJ, Baek DY, Stillman AA, Morgan TM, Mathews CA, Pauls DL, Rasin MR, Gunel M, Davis NR, Ercan-Sencicek AG, Guez DH, Spertus JA, Leckman JF, Dure LS 4th, Kurlan R, Singer HS, Gilbert DL, Farhi A, Louvi A, Lifton RP, Sestan N, State MW (2005) Sequence variants in SLITRK1 are associated with Tourette鈥檚 syndrome. Science 310(5746):317鈥?0
    2. Albin RL, Mink JW (2006) Recent advances in Tourette syndrome research. Trends Neurosci 29(3):175鈥?2
    3. American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edn. American Psychiatric Association, Arlington, VA
    4. American Psychiatric Association (2000) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., text revision (DSM-IV-TR). American Psychiatric Association, Arlington, VA
    5. Archer T, Oscar-Berman M, Blum K (2011) Epigenetics in developmental disorder: ADHD and endophenotypes. J Genet Syndr Gene Ther 2(104):1000104
    6. Beaudet AL (2013) The utility of chromosomal microarray analysis in developmental and behavioral pediatrics. Child Dev 84(1):121鈥?2. doi:10.1111/cdev.12050
    7. Biederman J, Faraone SV (2005) Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet 366(9481):237鈥?8
    8. Bloch MH, Leckman JF (2009) Clinical course of Tourette syndrome. J Psychosom Res 67(6):497鈥?01. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.09.002
    9. Bos-Veneman NG, Kuin A, Minderaa RB, Hoekstra PJ (2010) Role of perinatal adversities on tic severity and symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents with a tic disorder. J Dev Behav Pediatr 31(2):100鈥?. doi:10.1097/DBP.0b013e3181cc7cbc
    10. Bunse T, Wobrock T, Strube W, Padberg F, Palm U, Falkai P, Hasan A (2014) Motor cortical excitability assessed by transcranial magnetic stimulation in psychiatric disorders: a systematic review. Brain Stimul 7(2):158鈥?9. doi:10.1016/j.brs.2013.08.009
    11. Cath DC, Hedderly T, Ludolph AG, Stern JS, Murphy T, Hartmann A, Czernecki V, Robertson MM, Martino D, Munchau A, Rizzo R (2011) ESSTS guidelines group. european clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Part I: assessment. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 20(4):155鈥?1. doi:10.1007/s00787-011-0164-6
    12. Chamberlain SR, Hampshire A, M眉ller U, Rubia K, Del Campo N, Craig K, Regenthal R, Suckling J, Roiser JP, Grant JE, Bullmore ET, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ (2009) Atomoxetine modulates right inferior frontal activation during inhibitory control: a pharmacological functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry 65(7):550鈥?. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.10.014
    13. Chao TK, Hu J, Pringsheim T (2014) Prenatal risk factors for Tourette syndrome: a systematic review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 14:53. doi:10.1186/1471-2393-14-53
    14. Cheng B, Braass H, Ganos C, Treszl A, Biermann-Ruben K, Hummel FC, M眉ller-Vahl K, Schnitzler A, Gerloff C, M眉nchau A, Thomalla G (2013) Altered intrahemispheric structural connectivity in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Neuroimag Clin 4:174鈥?1. doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2013.11.011
    15. Church JA, Fair DA, Dosenbach NU, Cohen AL, Miezin FM, Petersen SE, Schlaggar BL (2009) Control networks in paediatric Tourette syndrome show immature and anomalous patterns of functional connectivity. Brain 132(Pt 1):225鈥?8. doi:10.1093/brain/awn223
    16. Coghill D, Banaschewski T (2009) The genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Expert Rev Neurother 9(10):1547鈥?5. doi:10.1586/ern.09.78
    17. Comings DE (2001) Clinical and molecular genetics of ADHD and Tourette syndrome. Two related polygenic disorders. Ann N Y Acad Sci 931:50鈥?3
    18. Conners CK, Erhardt D, Sparrow E (2002) CAARS adult ADHD rating scales: a technical manual. Multi Health Systems Inc. North Tonawanda, NY
    19. Cortese S (2012) The neurobiology and genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): what every clinician should know. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 16(5):422鈥?3. doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2012.01.009
    20. Curatolo P, Paloscia C, D鈥橝gati E, Moavero R, Pasini A (2009) The neurobiology of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 13(4):299鈥?04
    21. Curatolo P, D鈥橝gati E, Moavero R (2010) The neurobiological basis of ADHD. Ital J Pediatr 36(1):79. doi:10.1186/1824-7288-36-79
    22. D鈥橝gati E, Hoegl T, Dippel G, Curatolo P, Bender S, Kratz O, Moll GH, Heinrich H (2014) Motor cortical inhibition in ADHD: modulation of the transcranial magnetic stimulation-evoked N100 in a response control task. J Neural Transm 121(3):315鈥?5. doi:10.1007/s00702-013-1097-7
    23. Debes N, Hjalgrim H, Skov L (2010) The presence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder worsen psychosocial and educational problems in Tourette syndrome. J Child Neurol 25(2):171鈥?1. doi:10.1177/0883073809336215 , Epub 2009 May 28
    24. Deng H, Gao K, Jankovic J (2012) The genetics of Tourette syndrome. Nat Rev Neurol 8(4):203鈥?3. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2012.26
    25. D铆az-Anzald煤a A, Joober R, Rivi猫re JB, Dion Y, Lesp茅rance P, Richer F, Chouinard S, Rouleau GA, Montreal Tourette Syndrome Study Group (2004) Tourette syndrome and dopaminergic genes: a family-based association study in the French Canadian founder population. Mol Psychiatry 9(3):272鈥?
    26. Draganski B, Martino D, Cavanna AE, Hutton C, Orth M, Robertson MM, Critchley HD, Frackowiak RS (2010) Multispectral brain morphometry in Tourette syndrome persisting into adulthood. Brain 133(Pt 12):3661鈥?5. doi:10.1093/brain/awq300
    27. Egolf A, Coffey BJ (2014) Current pharmacotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of Tourette syndrome. Drugs Today Barc 50(2):159鈥?9. doi:10.1358/dot.2014.50.2.2097801
    28. Eichele H, Plessen KJ (2013) Neural plasticity in functional and anatomical MRI studies of children with Tourette syndrome. Behav Neurol 27(1):33鈥?5. doi:10.3233/BEN-120294
    29. Emond V, Joyal C, Poissant H (2009) Structural and functional neuroanatomy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Enc茅phale 35(2):107鈥?4. doi:10.1016/j.encep.2008.01.005
    30. Franke B, Faraone SV, Asherson P, Buitelaar J, Bau CH, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Mick E, Grevet EH, Johansson S, Haavik J, Lesch KP, Cormand B, Reif A (2012) International multicentre persistent ADHD collaboration. The genetics of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults, a review. Mol Psychiatry 17(10):960鈥?7
    31. Freeman RD, Fast DK, Burd L, Kerbeshian J, Robertson MM, Sandor P (2000) An international perspective on Tourette syndrome: selected findings from 3,500 individuals in 22 countries. Dev Med Child Neurol 42(7):436鈥?7
    32. Gomez L, Wigg K, Zhang K, Lopez L, Sandor P, Malone M, Barr CL (2014) Association of the KCNJ5 gene with Tourette syndrome and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Genes Brain Behav. doi:10.1111/gbb.12141 , Epub ahead of print
    33. Gustafsson P, K盲ll茅n K (2011) Perinatal, maternal, and fetal characteristics of children diagnosed with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder: results from a population-based study utilizing the Swedish medical birth register. Dev Med Child Neurol 53(3):263鈥?. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2010.03820.x
    34. Hamilton LS, Levitt JG, O鈥橬eill J, Alger JR, Luders E, Phillips OR, Caplan R, Toga AW, McCracken J, Narr KL (2008) Reduced white matter integrity in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuroreport 19(17):1705鈥?. doi:10.1097/WNR.0b013e3283174415
    35. Harlan E, Clark LA (1999) Short forms of the schedule for nonadaptive and adaptive personality (SNAP) for self- and collateral ratings: development, reliability, and validity. Assessment 6(2):131鈥?5
    36. Hyde TM, Aaronson BA, Randolph C, Rickler KC, Weinberger DR (1992) Relationship of birth weight to the phenotypic expression of Gilles de la Tourette鈥檚 syndrome in monozygotic twins. Neurology 42(3 Pt 1):652鈥?
    37. Kalanithi PS, Zheng W, Kataoka Y, DiFiglia M, Grantz H, Saper CB, Schwartz ML, Leckman JF, Vaccarino FM (2005) Altered parvalbumin-positive neuron distribution in basal ganglia of individuals with Tourette syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102(37):13307鈥?2
    38. Kano Y, Ohta M, Nagai Y, Scahill L (2010) Association between Tourette syndrome and comorbidities in Japan. Brain Dev 32(3):201鈥?. doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2009.01.005
    39. Karagiannidis I, Dehning S, Sandor P, Tarnok Z, Rizzo R, Wolanczyk T, Madruga-Garrido M, Hebebrand J, N枚then MM, Lehmkuhl G, Farkas L, Nagy P, Szymanska U, Anastasiou Z, Stathias V, Androutsos C, Tsironi V, Koumoula A, Barta C, Zill P, Mir P, M眉ller N, Barr C, Paschou P (2013) Support of the histaminergic hypothesis in Tourette syndrome: association of the histamine decarboxylase gene in a large sample of families. J Med Genet 50(11):760鈥?. doi:10.1136/jmedgenet-2013-101637
    40. Kessler RC, Adler L, Barkley R, Biederman J, Conners CK, Demler O, Faraone SV, Greenhill LL, Howes MJ, Secnik K, Spencer T, Ustun TB, Walters EE, Zaslavsky AM (2006) The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: results from the national comorbidity survey replication. Am J Psychiatry 163(4):716鈥?3
    41. Knight T, Steeves T, Day L, Lowerison M, Jette N, Pringsheim T (2012) Prevalence of tic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Neurol 47(2):77鈥?0. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2012.05.002
    42. Latimer K, Wilson P, Kemp J, Thompson L, Sim F, Gillberg C, Puckering C, Minnis H (2012) Disruptive behaviour disorders: a systematic review of environmental antenatal and early years risk factors. Child Care Health Dev 38(5):611鈥?8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2012.01366.x
    43. Lawson-Yuen A, Saldivar JS, Sommer S, Picker J (2008) Familial deletion within NLGN4 associated with autism and Tourette syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet 16(5):614鈥?. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5202006
    44. Le K, Liu L, Sun M, Hu L, Xiao N (2013) Transcranial magnetic stimulation at 1 Hertz improves clinical symptoms in children with Tourette syndrome for at least 6聽months. J Clin Neurosci 20(2):257鈥?2
    45. Leckman JF, Riddle MA, Hardin MT, Ort SI, Swartz KL, Stevenson J, Cohen DJ (1989) The yale global tic severity scale: initial testing of a clinician-rated scale of tic severity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 28(4):566鈥?3
    46. Leckman JF (2002) Tourette鈥檚 syndrome. Lancet 360(9345):1577鈥?6
    47. Lerner A, Bagic A, Simmons JM et al (2012) Widespread abnormality of the g-aminobutyric acid-ergic system in Tourette syndrome. Brain 135:1926鈥?6
    48. Lichtenstein P, Carlstr枚m E, R氓stam M, Gillberg C, Anckars盲ter H (2010) The genetics of autism spectrum disorders and related neuropsychiatric disorders in childhood. Am J Psychiatry 167(11):1357鈥?3. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10020223
    49. Lyon GJ, Samar SM, Conelea C, Trujillo MR, Lipinski CM, Bauer CC, Brandt BC, Kemp JJ, Lawrence ZE, Howard J, Castellanos FX, Woods D, Coffey BJ (2010) Testing tic suppression: comparing the effects of dexmethylphenidate to no medication in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and Tourette鈥檚 disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 20(4):283鈥?. doi:10.1089/cap.2010.0032
    50. Mantovani A, Lisanby SH, Pieraccini F, Ulivelli M, Castrogiovanni P, Rossi S (2006) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette鈥檚 syndrome (TS). Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 9:95鈥?00
    51. Mathews CA, Grados MA (2011) Familiality of Tourette syndrome, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: heritability analysis in a large sib-pair sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 50(1):46鈥?4. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.10.004
    52. Mathews CA, Scharf JM, Miller LL, Macdonald-Wallis C, Lawlor DA, Ben-Shlomo Y (2014) Association between pre- and perinatal exposures and Tourette syndrome or chronic tic disorder in the ALSPAC cohort. Br J Psychiatry 204(1):40鈥?. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.125468
    53. McGuire JF, Piacentini J, Brennan EA, Lewin AB, Murphy TK, Small BJ, Storch EA (2014) A meta-analysis of behavior therapy for Tourette syndrome. J Psychiatr Res 50:106鈥?2. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.12.009
    54. Motlagh MG, Katsovich L, Thompson N, Lin H, Kim YS, Scahill L, Lombroso PJ, King RA, Peterson BS, Leckman JF (2010) Severe psychosocial stress and heavy cigarette smoking during pregnancy: an examination of the pre- and perinatal risk factors associated with ADHD and Tourette syndrome. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 19(10):755鈥?4. doi:10.1007/s00787-010-0115-7
    55. M眉ller-Vahl KR, Kaufmann J, Grosskreutz J, Dengler R, Emrich HM, Peschel T (2009) Prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex abnormalities in Tourette syndrome: evidence from voxel-based morphometry and magnetization transfer imaging. BMC Neurosci 10:47. doi:10.1186/1471-2202-10-47
    56. M眉ller-Vahl KR, Grosskreutz J, Prell T, Kaufmann J, Bodammer N, Peschel T (2014) Tics are caused by alterations in prefrontal areas, thalamus and putamen, while changes in the cingulate gyrus reflect secondary compensatory mechanisms. BMC Neurosci 15:6. doi:10.1186/1471-2202-15-6
    57. Munchau A, Bloem BR, Thilo KV, Trimble MR, Rothwell JC, Robertson MM (2002) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for Tourette syndrome. Neurology 59:1789鈥?1
    58. Nag A, Bochukova EG, Kremeyer B, Campbell DD, Muller H, Valencia-Duarte AV, Cardona J, Rivas IC, Mesa SC, Cuartas M, Garcia J, Bedoya G, Cornejo W, Herrera LD, Romero R, Fournier E, Reus VI, Lowe TL, Farooqi IS, Tourette Syndrome Association International Consortium for Genetics, Mathews CA, McGrath LM, Yu D, Cook E, Wang K, Scharf JM, Pauls DL, Freimer NB, Plagnol V, Ruiz-Linares A (2013) CNV analysis in Tourette syndrome implicates large genomic rearrangements in COL8A1 and NRXN1. PLoS One 8(3):e59061. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059061
    59. Nagel BJ, Bathula D, Herting M, Schmitt C, Kroenke CD, Fair D, Nigg JT (2011) Altered white matter microstructure in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 50(3):283鈥?2
    60. Nambu A, Tokuno H, Takada M (2002) Functional significance of the cortico-subthalamo-pallidal 鈥榟yperdirect鈥?pathway. Neurosci Res 43(2):111鈥?
    61. Nemoda Z, Szekely A, Sasvari-Szekely M (2011) Psychopathological aspects of dopaminergic gene polymorphisms in adolescence and young adulthood. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 35(8):1665鈥?6. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.04.002
    62. Neuner I, Schneider F, Shah NJ (2013) Functional neuroanatomy of tics. Int Rev Neurobiol 112:35鈥?1. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-411546-0.00002-0
    63. Neuner I, Werner CJ, Arrubla J, St枚cker T, Ehlen C, Wegener HP, Schneider F, Shah NJ (2014) Imaging the where and when of tic generation and resting state networks in adult Tourette patients. Front Hum Neurosci 28(8):362. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00362
    64. Niederhofer H (2008) Effectiveness of the repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of 1聽Hz for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Psychiatr Danub 20(1):91鈥?
    65. Nussey C, Pistrang N, Murphy T (2013) How does psychoeducation help? A review of the effects of providing information about Tourette syndrome and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Child Care Health Dev 39(5):617鈥?7. doi:10.1111/cch.12039
    66. O鈥橰oak BJ, Morgan TM, Fishman DO, Saus E, Alonso P, Gratac貌s M, Estivill X, Teltsh O, Kohn Y, Kidd KK, Cho J, Lifton RP, State MW (2010) Additional support for the association of SLITRK1 var321 and Tourette syndrome. Mol Psychiatry 15(5):447鈥?0. doi:10.1038/mp.2009.105
    67. O鈥橰ourke JA, Scharf JM, Yu D, Pauls DL (2009) The genetics of Tourette syndrome: a review. J Psychosom Res 67(6):533鈥?5
    68. Orth M, Kirby R, Richardson MP, Snijders AH, Rothwell JC, Trimble MR, Robertson MM, Munchau A (2005) Subthreshold rTMS over pre-motor cortex has no effect on tics in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol 116:764鈥?
    69. Orth M, M眉nchau A (2013) Transcranial magnetic stimulation studies of sensorimotor networks in Tourette syndrome. Behav Neurol 27(1):57鈥?4. doi:10.3233/BEN-120289
    70. Paschou P, Feng Y, Pakstis AJ, Speed WC, DeMille MM, Kidd JR, Jaghori B, Kurlan R, Pauls DL, Sandor P, Barr CL, Kidd KK (2004) Indications of linkage and association of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome in two independent family samples: 17q25 is a putative susceptibility region. Am J Hum Genet 75(4):545鈥?0
    71. Paschou P (2013) The genetic basis of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 37(6):1026鈥?9. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.01.016
    72. Petek E, Windpassinger C, Vincent JB, Cheung J, Boright AP, Scherer SW, Kroisel PM, Wagner K (2001) Disruption of a novel gene (IMMP2L) by a breakpoint in 7q31 associated with Tourette syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 68(4):848鈥?8
    73. Peterson B, Riddle MA, Cohen DJ, Katz LD, Smith JC, Hardin MT, Leckman JF (1993) Reduced basal ganglia volumes in Tourette鈥檚 syndrome using three-dimensional reconstruction techniques from magnetic resonance images. Neurology 43(5):941鈥?
    74. Peterson BS, Staib L, Scahill L, Zhang H, Anderson C, Leckman JF, Cohen DJ, Gore JC, Albert J, Webster R (2001) Regional brain and ventricular volumes in Tourette syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58(5):427鈥?0
    75. Peterson BS, Thomas P, Kane MJ, Scahill L, Zhang H, Bronen R, King RA, Leckman JF, Staib L (2003) Basal ganglia volumes in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60(4):415鈥?4
    76. Polanczyk G, Rohde LA (2007) Epidemiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across the lifespan. Curr Opin Psychiatry 20(4):386鈥?2
    77. Price RA, Kidd KK, Cohen DJ, Pauls DL, Leckman JF (1985) A twin study of Tourette syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry 42(8):815鈥?0
    78. Pringsheim T, Sandor P, Lang A, Shah P, O鈥機onnor P (2009) Prenatal and perinatal morbidity in children with Tourette syndrome and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Dev Behav Pediatr 30(2):115鈥?1. doi:10.1097/DBP.0b013e31819e6a33
    79. Ramos-Quiroga JA, S谩nchez-Mora C, Casas M, Garcia-Mart铆nez I, Bosch R, Nogueira M, Corrales M, Palomar G, Vidal R, Coll-Tan茅 M, Bay茅s M, Cormand B, Ribas茅s M (2014) Genome-wide copy number variation analysis in adult attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder. J Psychiatr Res 49:60鈥?. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.10.022
    80. Renou S, Hergueta T, Flament M, Mouren-Simeoni MC, Lecrubier Y (2004) Diagnostic structured interviews in child and adolescent鈥檚 psychiatry. Enc茅phale 30(2):122鈥?4
    81. Rizzo R, Curatolo P, Gulisano M et al (2007) Disentangling the effects of Tourette syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder on cognitive and behavioral phenotypes. Brain Dev 29:413鈥?0
    82. Rizzo R, Gulisano M, Cal矛 PV, Curatolo P (2012) Long term clinical course of Tourette syndrome. Brain Dev 34(8):667鈥?3. doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2011.11.006
    83. Rizzo R, Gulisano M, Cal矛 PV, Curatolo P (2013) Tourette syndrome and comorbid ADHD: current pharmacological treatment options. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 17(5):421鈥?. doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2013.01.005
    84. Robertson MM, Eapen V (1996) The national hospital interview schedule for the assessment of Gilles de la Tourette. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 6:203鈥?6
    85. Robertson MM, Banerjee S, Kurlan R, Cohen DJ, Leckman JF, McMahon W, Pauls DL, Sandor P, van de Wetering BJ (1999) The Tourette syndrome diagnostic confidence index: development and clinical associations. Neurology 53(9):2108鈥?2
    86. Robertson MM, Althoff RR, Hafez A, Pauls DL (2008) Principal components analysis of a large cohort with Tourette syndrome. Br J Psychiatry 193(1):31鈥?. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.039909
    87. Robertson MM, Eapen V, Cavanna AE (2009) The international prevalence, epidemiology, and clinical phenomenology of Tourette syndrome: a cross cultural perspective. J Psychosom Res 67:475鈥?3
    88. Robertson MM (2012) The Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: the current status. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed 97(5):166鈥?5. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2011-300585
    89. Sanchez-Mora C, Ribases M, Mulas F, Soutullo C, Sans A, Pamias M, Casas M, Ramos-Quiroga JA (2012) Genetic bases of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Rev Neurol 55(10):609鈥?8
    90. Singer HS (2005) Tourette鈥檚 syndrome: from behaviour to biology. Lancet Neurol 4(3):149鈥?9
    91. Sripada C, Kessler D, Fang Y, Welsh RC, Prem Kumar K, Angstadt M (2014) Disrupted network architecture of the resting brain in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Hum Brain Mapp. doi:10.1002/hbm.22504 , Epub ahead of print
    92. Steinhausen HC, N酶vik TS, Baldursson G, Curatolo P, Lorenzo MJ, Rodrigues Pereira R, Ralston SJ, Rothenberger A, ADORE Study Group (2006) Co-existing psychiatric problems in ADHD in the ADORE cohort. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 15(Suppl 1):I25鈥?
    93. Stephens RJ, Chung SA, Jovanovic D, Guerra R, Stephens B, Sandor P, Shapiro CM (2013) Relationship between polysomnographic sleep architecture and behavior in medication-free children with TS, ADHD, TS and ADHD, and controls. J Dev Behav Pediatr 34(9):688鈥?6. doi:10.1097/DBP.0000000000000012
    94. Swanson J, Lerner M, March J, Gresham FM (1999) Assessment and intervention for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the schools. Lessons from the MTA study. Pediatr Clin North Am 46(5):993鈥?009
    95. Tian Y, Stamova B, Ander BP, Jickling GC, Gunther JR, Corbett BA, Bos-Veneman NG, Hoekstra PJ, Schweitzer JB, Sharp FR (2012) Correlations of gene expression with ratings of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity in Tourette syndrome: a pilot study. BMC Med Genomics 5:49. doi:10.1186/1755-8794-5-49
    96. Valera EM, Faraone SV, Murray KE, Seidman LJ (2007) Meta-analysis of structural imaging findings in attention-deficit/hyperactivitydisorder. Biol Psychiatry 61(12):1361鈥?
    97. Verkerk AJ, Mathews CA, Joosse M, Eussen BH, Heutink P, Oostra BA (2003) Tourette syndrome association international consortium for genetics. CNTNAP2 is disrupted in a family with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and obsessive compulsive disorder. Genomics 82(1):1鈥?
    98. Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Ding YS (2005) Imaging the effects of methylphenidate on brain dopamine: new model on its therapeutic actions for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 57(11):1410鈥?
    99. Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Newcorn JH, Kollins SH, Wigal TL, Telang F, Fowler JS, Goldstein RZ, Klein N, Logan J, Wong C, Swanson JM (2011) Motivation deficit in ADHD is associated with dysfunction of the dopamine reward pathway. Mol Psychiatry 16(11):1147鈥?4
    100. Wittfoth M, Bornmann S, Peschel T, Grosskreutz J, Glahn A, Buddensiek N, Becker H, Dengler R, M眉ller-Vahl KR (2012) Lateral frontal cortex volume reduction in Tourette syndrome revealed by VBM. BMC Neurosci 13:17. doi:10.1186/1471-2202-13-17
    101. Worbe Y, Gerardin E, Hartmann A, Valabr茅gue R, Chupin M, Tremblay L, Vidailhet M, Colliot O, Leh茅ricy S (2010) Distinct structural changes underpin clinical phenotypes in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Brain 133(Pt 12):3649鈥?0. doi:10.1093/brain/awq293
    102. Worbe Y, Malherbe C, Hartmann A, P茅l茅grini-Issac M, Mess茅 A, Vidailhet M, Leh茅ricy S, Benali H (2012) Functional immaturity of cortico-basal ganglia networks in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Brain 135(Pt 6):1937鈥?6. doi:10.1093/brain/aws056
    103. Yoon DY, Gause CD, Leckman JF, Singer HS (2007) Frontal dopaminergic abnormality in Tourette syndrome: a postmortem analysis. J Neurol Sci 255(1鈥?):50鈥?
    104. Yoon DY, Rippel CA, Kobets AJ, Morris CM, Lee JE, Williams PN, Bridges DD, Vandenbergh DJ, Shugart YY, Singer HS (2007) Dopaminergic polymorphisms in Tourette syndrome: association with the DAT gene (SLC6A3). Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 144B(5):605鈥?0
    105. Young Ho Lee, Gwan Gyu Song (2014) Genome-wide analysis in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neurol Sci 35(8):1189鈥?6. doi:10.1007/s10072-014-1671-2
  • 刊物主题：Pediatrics;
  • 出版者：Springer Berlin Heidelberg
  • ISSN：1432-1076
文摘
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common comorbid condition in patients with Tourette syndrome (TS). The co-occurrence of ADHD and TS is in most cases associated with a higher social and psychopathological impairment. Comorbidity between Tourette and ADHD appears to have a complex and partially known pathogenesis in which genetic, environmental, and neurobiological factors can be implicated. Genetic studies have revealed an involvement of dopaminergic, catecholaminergic, and GABAergic genes that modulated the activity of neurotransmitters. Furthermore, there are a lot of networks implicated in the development of ADHD and TS, involving cortical and striatal areas and basal ganglia. Although a large number of studies tried to find a common pathogenesis, the complex pathways responsible are not clear. The genes implicated in both disorders are currently unidentified, but it is probable that epigenetic factors associated with neural modifications can represent a substrate for the development of the diseases. Conclusion: In this paper, recent advances in neurobiology of ADHD and TS are reviewed, providing a basis for understanding the complex common pathogenesis underlying the frequent co-occurrence of the two conditions and the therapeutic choices.

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083

电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700