Pastoralism in Transition: Livestock Abundance and Herd Composition in Spiti, Trans-Himalaya

详细信息    查看全文

• 作者：Rashmi Singh ; Rishi Kumar Sharma ; Suresh Babu
• 关键词：Pastoralism ; Livestock ; Wild ungulates ; Development ; Spiti
• 刊名：Human Ecology
• 出版年：2015
• 出版时间：December 2015
• 年：2015
• 卷：43
• 期：6
• 页码：799-810
• 全文大小：588 KB
• 参考文献：Ahmed, M. (2004). The Politics of Pashmina: The Changpas of Eastern Ladakh. Nomadic Peoples 8(2): 89鈥?06.CrossRef
  Anon (2011). Management Plan for the Upper Spiti Landscape Including the Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary.
  Aryal, S., Maraseni, T. N., and Cockfield, G. (2014). Sustainability of Transhumance Grazing Systems Under Socio-Economic Threats in Langtang, Nepal. Journal of Mountain Science 11(4): 1023鈥?034.CrossRef
  Bagchi, S., and Ritchie, M. E. (2010). Introduced Grazers Can Restrict Potential Soil Carbon Sequestration Through Impacts on Plant Community Composition. Ecology Letters 13(8): 959鈥?68.
  Bagchi, S., Mishra, C., and Bhatnagar, Y. V. V. (2004). Conflicts between Traditional Pastoralism and Conservation of Himalayan Ibex (Capra Sibirica) in the Trans Himalayan Mountains. Animal Conservation 7: 121鈥?28.CrossRef
  Bagchi, S., Bhatnagar, Y. V., and Ritchie, M. E. (2012). Comparing the Effects of Livestock and Native Herbivores on Plant Production and Vegetation Composition in the Trans-Himalayas. Pastoralism 2(1): 1鈥?6.CrossRef
  Behnke, R. H., and Scoones, I. (1992). Rethinking Range Ecology: Implications for Rangeland Management in Africa. World Bank Environment Working Paper No 53, World Bank, Washington DC.
  Beinart, W. (1996). Environment destruction in Southern Africa. In Leach, M., and Mearns, R. (eds.), The Lie of the Land: Challenging Recieved Wisdom on the African Environment. James Curry, Oxford, pp. 54鈥?2.
  Berger, J., Buuveibaatar, B., and Mishra, C. (2013). Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia. Conservation Biology 27(4): 679鈥?89.CrossRef
  Bhasin, V. (2011). Pastoralists of Himalayas. Journal of Human Ecology 33(3): 147鈥?77.
  Bhatnagar, Y. V., and Wangchuk, R. (2001). Status Survey of Large Mammals in Eastern Ladakh & Nubra. In Conservation Biodiversity in the Trans-Himalaya: New Initiatives for Field Conservation in Ladakh. First Annual Technical Report (1999鈥?000). Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India.
  Bhatnagar, Y. V., Wangchuk, R., and Mishra, C. (2006a). Decline of the Tibetan Gazelle Procapra Picticaudata in Ladakh, India. Oryx 40(02): 229鈥?32.CrossRef
  Bhatnagar, Y. V., Wangchuk, R., Prins, H. H. T., Van Wieren, S. E., and Mishra, C. (2006b). Perceived Conflicts Between Pastoralism and Conservation of the Kiang Equus Kiang in the Ladakh Trans-Himalaya, India. Environmental Management 38(6): 934鈥?41.CrossRef
  Biswas, M. R., and Biswas, A. K. (eds.) (1980). Desertification: Associated Case Studies Prepared for the United Nations Conference on Desertification, 2nd ed. Pergamon, Oxford.
  Briske, D. D., and Richards, J. H. (1995). Plant responses to defoliation: a physiological, morphological and demographic evaluation. In Bedunah, D. J., and Sosebee, R. E. (eds.), Wildland Plants: Physiological Ecology and Developmental Morphology. Society for Range Management, Denver, pp. 635鈥?10.
  Brower, B., and Jonston, B. R. (eds.) (2007). Disappearing Peoples?: Indigenous Groups and Ethnic Minorities in South and Central Asia. Left Coast Press, Walnut.
  Callahan, T. (2012). Pastoral production strategies and market orientation of Afghan Kirghiz. In Kreutzmann, H. (ed.), Pastoral Practices in High Asia: Agency of 鈥淒evelopment鈥?Effected by Modernisation, Resettlement and Transformation. Springer, Netherlands, pp. 71鈥?8.CrossRef
  Champion, H. G., and Seth, S. K. (1968). A Revised Survey of Forest Types of India. Government of India Press, Nasik.
  Chaudhari, A. (2013). Change in Changthang: To Stay or to Leave ? Economic and Political Weekly 35(1): 52鈥?8.
  Department of Economic and Statistics. Himachal Pradesh, Shimla (2012). Socio Economic Indicators of Himachal Pradesh. Retrieved from http://鈥媋dmis.鈥媓p.鈥媙ic.鈥媔n/鈥媓imachal/鈥媏conomics/鈥婻EPORTS/鈥婼ocio2013_鈥婣1b.鈥媝df .
  Dregne, H. E., Kassa, M., and Rosanov, B. (1991). A New Assessment of the World Status of Desetification. Desertification Control Bulletin 20: 6鈥?8.
  During, H. J., and Wiuems, J. H. (1986). The Impoverishment of the Bryophyte and Lichen Flora of the Dutch Chalk Grasslands in the Thirty Years 1953鈥?983. Biological Conservation 36: 143鈥?58.CrossRef
  Goodall, S. K. (2004). Rural-to-Urban Migration and Urbanization in Leh, Ladakh: A Case Study of Three Nomadic Pastoral Communities. Mountain Research and Development 24(3): 220鈥?27.CrossRef
  Government of India (2011). Census of India 2011. Retrieved from http://鈥媍ensusindia.鈥媑ov.鈥媔n/鈥?/span> .
  Grubb, P. J. (1976). A Theoretical Background to the Conservation of Ecologically Distinct Groups of Annuals and Biennials in the Chalk Grassland Ecosystem. Biological Conservation 10: 53鈥?6.CrossRef
  Gruschke, A. (2012). Tibetan pastoralists in transition. Political changes and state intervention in nomad societies. In Kreutzmann, H. (ed.), Pastoral Practices in High Asia: Agency of 鈥淒evelopment鈥?Effected by Modernisation, Resettlement and Transformation. Springer, Netherlands, pp. 273鈥?89.CrossRef
  Hagalia, W. (2004). Changing Rangeland Use by the Nomads of Samad in the Highlands of Eastern Ladakh, India. Agricultural University of Norway, 脜s.
  Handa, O. C. (1994). Tabo Monastery and Buddhism in the Trans-Himalaya: Thousand Years of Existence of the Tabo Chos-Khor. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
  Harris, R. B. (2010). Rangeland Degradation on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau: A Review of the Evidence of Its Magnitude and Causes. Journal of Arid Environments 74(1): 1鈥?2.CrossRef
  Ho, P. (2000a). China鈥?S Rangelands under Stress: A Comparative Study of Pasture Commons in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. Development and Change 131(2): 385鈥?12.CrossRef
  Ho, P. (2000b). The Clash over State and Collective Property: The Making of the Rangeland Law. The China Quarterly 161: 240鈥?63.CrossRef
  Hobbs, R. J., and Huenneke, L. F. (1992). Disturbance, Diversity, and Invasion: Implications for Conservation. Conservation Biology 6(3): 324鈥?37.CrossRef
  Jackson, R. M., and Wangchuk, R. (2004). A Community-Based Approach to Mitigating Livestock Depredation by Snow Leopards. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 9(4): 1鈥?6.CrossRef
  Johnson, D. L. (1977) The Human Dimentions of Desertification. Economic Geography 53.
  Kapadia, H. (1996). Spiti: Adventures in the Trans-Himalaya. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
  Kaushik, S. (1993). Towards a Tourism Strategy in Spiti. Equations, Bangalore.
  Kreutzmann, H. (1993). Challenge and Response in the Karakoram: Socioeconomic Transformation in Hunza, Northern Areas, Pakistan. Mountain Research and Development 13(1): 19鈥?9.CrossRef
  Kreutzmann, H. (2012) Pastoral practices in transition: animal husbandry in high Asian contexts. In Kreutzmann H. (ed), Pastoral Practices in High Asia, pp. 1鈥?9.
  Kreutzmann, H. (ed.) (2012b). Pastoral Practices in High Asia. Advances in Asian Human-Environmental Research. Springer, Dordrecht.
  Kuniyal, C. P. (2014). Climate Change is Affecting Apple Cultivation in Himachal Pradesh. Current Science 106鈥?07(4): 498.
  Jun Li, Wen, Ali, S. H., and Zhang, Q. (2007). Property Rights and Grassland Degradation: A Study of the Xilingol Pasture, Inner Mongolia, China. Journal of Environmental Management 85(2): 461鈥?70.CrossRef
  Lu, T., Ning, W., and Peng, L. (2009). Sedentarization of Tibetan Nomads. Conservation Biology 23(5): 1074.CrossRef
  McArthur, I. D., Sayad, S., and Nawim, M. (1979). Rangeland Livestock Production in Western Afghanistan. Journal of Arid Environments 2(2): 163鈥?79.
  Miller, D. J., and Jackson, R. (1994). Livestock and snow leopards: making room for competing users on the Tibetan Plateau. In Fox, J. L., and Jizeng, D. (eds.), Proceedings of the Seventh International Snow Leopard Symposium. International Snow Leopard Trust, Seattle, pp. 315鈥?28.
  Mishra, C. (1997). Livestock Depredation by Large Carnivores in the Indian Trans-Himalaya. Environmental Conservation 24(4): 338鈥?43.CrossRef
  Mishra, C. (2000). Socioeconomic Transition and Wildlife Conservation in the Indian Trans-Himalaya. Bombay Natural History Society 97(1): 25鈥?2.
  Mishra, C. (2001). High Altitude Survival: Conflicts between Pastoralism and Wildlife in the Trans-Himalaya. Wageningen University, The Netherlands.
  Mishra, C., Prins, H. H. T., and Van Wieren, S. E. (2001). Overstocking in the Trans-Himalayan Rangelands of India. Environmental Conservation 28(3): 279鈥?83.CrossRef
  Mishra, C., Van Wieren, S. E., Heitk枚nig, I. M. A., and Prins, H. H. T. (2002). A Theoretical Analysis of Competitive Exclusion in a Trans-Himalayan Large-Herbivore Assemblage. Animal Conservation 5: 251鈥?58.CrossRef
  Mishra, C., Allen, P., Mccarthy, T. M., and Madhusudhan, M. D. (2003a). The Role of Incentive Programs in Conserving the Snow Leopard. Conservation Biology 17(6): 1512鈥?520.CrossRef
  Mishra, C., Prins, H. H. T., and Van Wieren, S. E. (2003b). Diversity, Risk Mediation, and Change in a Trans-Himalayan Agropastoral System. Human Ecology 31(4): 595鈥?09.CrossRef
  Mishra, C., Van Wieren, S. E., Ketner, P., Heitk枚nig, I. M. A., and Prins, H. H. T. (2004). Competition Between Domestic Livestock and Wild Bharal Pseudois Nayaur in the Indian Trans-Himalaya. Journal of Applied Ecology 41: 344鈥?54.CrossRef
  Namgail, T., Fox, J. L., and Bhatnagar, Y. V. (2006). Habitat Shift and Time Budget of the Tibetan Argali: The Influence of Livestock Grazing. Ecological Research 22(1): 25鈥?1.CrossRef
  Namgail, T., Fox, J. L., and Bhatnagar, Y. V. (2007a). Carnivore Caused Livestock Mortality in Trans-Himalaya. Environmental Management 39(4): 490鈥?96.CrossRef
  Namgail, T., Bhatnagar, Y. V., Mishra, C., and Bagchi, S. (2007b). Pastoral Nomads of the Indian Changthang: Production System, Landuse and Socioeconomic Changes. Human Ecology 35(4): 497鈥?04.CrossRef
  Ptackova, J. (2011). Sedentarisation of Tibetan Nomads in China: Implementation of the Nomadic Settlement Project in the Tibetan Amdo Area; Qinghai and Sichuan Provinces. Pastoralism 1(1): 1鈥?1.CrossRef
  Robinson, S., and Milner-Gulland, E. J. (2003). Political Change and Factors Limiting Numbers of Wild and Domestic Ungulates in Kazakhstan. Human Ecology 31(1): 87鈥?10.CrossRef
  Saberwal, V. K. (1996). Pastoral Politics : Gaddi Grazing, Degradation, and Biodiversity Conservation in Himachal Pradesh, India. Conservation Biology 10(3): 741鈥?49.CrossRef
  Sheehy, D. P., Miller, D., and Johnson, D. A. (2006). Transformation of Traditional Pastoral Livestock Systems on the Tibetan Steppe. Science et Changements plan茅taires/S茅cheresse 17(1): 142鈥?51.
  Singh, R. (2013). Pasture Management and the Role of Traditional Institutions in Long-Term Sustenance of High Altitude Pastures, Spiti, Himachal Pradesh. Ambedkar University, Delhi.
  Singh, N. J., Bhatnagar, Y. V., Lecomte, N., Fox, J. L., and Yoccoz, N. G. (2013) No Longer Tracking Greenery in High Altitudes: Pastoral Practices of Rupshu Nomads and Their Implications for Biodiversity Conservation. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice 3(1).
  Tulachan, P. M. (2001). Mountain Agriculture in the Hindu Kush鈥揌imalaya. Mountain Research and Development 21(3): 260鈥?67.CrossRef
  Weber, K. T., and Horst, S. (2011). Desertification and Livestock Grazing: The Roles of Sedentarization, Mobility and Rest. Pastoralism 1(1): 19.CrossRef
  Wells, T. C. E. (1969). Botanical Aspects of Conservation Management of Chalk Grasslands. Biological Conservation 2: 36鈥?4.CrossRef
  Yeh, E. T. (2005). Green Governmentality and Pastoralism in Western China:Converting Pastures to Grasslands. Nomadic Peoples 9(1鈥?): 9鈥?9.CrossRef
  Zhizhong, W., and Wen, D. (2008). Pastoral Nomad Rights in Inner Mongolia. Nomadic Peoples 12(2): 13鈥?3.CrossRef
  
• 作者单位：Rashmi Singh (1)
  Rishi Kumar Sharma (2)
  Suresh Babu (1)
  
  1. School of Human Ecology, Ambedkar University, New Delhi, India
  2. Nature Conservation Foundation, Mysore, Karnataka, India
  
• 刊物类别：Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
• 刊物主题：Social Sciences
  Anthropology
  Sociology
  Environmental Management
  
• 出版者：Springer Netherlands
• ISSN：1572-9915

文摘

Recent discourse on pastoralism and ecology has focused on increased stocking densities and subsequent consequences on grasslands and productivity. It has been shown that increase in livestock numbers may adversely affect wildlife populations associated with high altitude pastures. In this study, we examine the decadal trend in livestock numbers and composition in five villages in Spiti in the Trans-Himalaya region to determine social-ecological linkages in these agro-pastoral communities. As opposed to previously reported trends, we find that livestock numbers have essentially halved in the last decade and the reduced holdings also are compositionally different from the original stock. We examine the societal, agricultural and perceived ecological changes associated with the decline in livestock. We conclude that the decline in livestock is associated with large-scale changes in the social, cultural and economic landscape and that this decline may benefit wildlife conservation programmes in the region. Keywords Pastoralism Livestock Wild ungulates Development Spiti