Physical Activity, Air Pollution and the Brain

详细信息    查看全文

• 作者：Inge Bos (1) (2)
  Patrick De Boever (2) (3)
  Luc Int Panis (2) (4)
  Romain Meeusen (1) (5)
  
• 刊名：Sports Medicine
• 出版年：2014
• 出版时间：November 2014
• 年：2014
• 卷：44
• 期：11
• 页码：1505-1518
• 全文大小：495 KB
• 参考文献：1. de Geus B, Van Hoof E, Aerts I, et al. Cycling to work: influence on indexes of health in untrained men and women in Flanders. Coronary heart disease and quality of life. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2008;18(4):498鈥?10. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00729.x .
  2. Warburton DE, Nicol CW, Bredin SS. Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence. CMAJ. 2006;174(6):801鈥?. doi:10.1503/cmaj.051351 .
  3. Macera CA, Hootman JM, Sniezek JE. Major public health benefits of physical activity. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;49(1):122鈥?. doi:10.1002/art.10907 .
  4. US DHHS. Physical activity and health: a report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; 1996.
  5. Masley S, Roetzheim R, Gualtieri T. Aerobic exercise enhances cognitive flexibility. J Clin Psychol Med Settings. 2009;16(2):186鈥?3. doi:10.1007/s10880-009-9159-6 .
  6. Colcombe S, Kramer AF. Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study. Psychol Sci. 2003;14(2):125鈥?0.
  7. Antunes HK, Stella SG, Santos RF, et al. Depression, anxiety and quality of life scores in seniors after an endurance exercise program. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2005;27(4):266鈥?1 S1516-44462005000400003.
  8. Erickson KI, Weinstein AM, Lopez OL. Physical activity, brain plasticity, and Alzheimer鈥檚 disease. Arch Med Res. 2012;43(8):615鈥?1. doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.09.008 .
  9. Winchester J, Dick MB, Gillen D, et al. Walking stabilizes cognitive functioning in Alzheimer鈥檚 disease (AD) across one year. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2013;56(1):96鈥?03. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2012.06.016 .
  10. Nabkasorn C, Miyai N, Sootmongkol A, et al. Effects of physical exercise on depression, neuroendocrine stress hormones and physiological fitness in adolescent females with depressive symptoms. Eur J Public Health. 2006;16(2):179鈥?4. doi:10.1093/eurpub/cki159 .
  11. Vaynman S, Ying Z, Gomez-Pinilla F. Hippocampal BDNF mediates the efficacy of exercise on synaptic plasticity and cognition. Eur J Neurosci. 2004;20(10):2580鈥?0. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03720.x .
  12. Chen B, Kan H. Air pollution and population health: a global challenge. Environ Health Prev Med. 2008;13(2):94鈥?01. doi:10.1007/s12199-007-0018-5 .
  13. Calder贸n-Garcidue帽as L, Mora-Tiscareno A, Ontiveros E, et al. Air pollution, cognitive deficits and brain abnormalities: a pilot study with children and dogs. Brain Cogn. 2008;68(2):117鈥?7. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2008.04.008 .
  14. Block ML, Calder贸n-Garcidue帽as L. Air pollution: mechanisms of neuroinflammation and CNS disease. Trends Neurosci. 2009;32(9):506鈥?6. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2009.05.009 .
  15. Genc S, Zadeoglulari Z, Fuss SH, et al. The adverse effects of air pollution on the nervous system. J Toxicol. 2012;2012:782462. doi:10.1155/2012/782462 .
  16. Guxens M, Sunyer J. A review of epidemiological studies on neuropsychological effects of air pollution. Swiss Med Wkly. 2012;141:w13322. doi:10.4414/smw.2011.13322 .
  17. Int Panis L, de Geus B, Vandenbulcke G, et al. Exposure to particulate matter in traffic: a comparison of cyclists and car passengers. Atmos Environ. 2010;44:2263鈥?0.
  18. Bos I, De Boever P, Vanparijs J, et al. Subclinical effects of aerobic training in urban environment. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013;45(3):439鈥?7. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31827767fc .
  19. Bos I, De Boever P, Int Panis L, et al. Negative effects of ultrafine particle exposure during forced exercise on the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the hippocampus of rats. Neuroscience. 2012;223:131鈥?. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.07.057 .
  20. Bos I, Jacobs L, Nawrot TS, et al. No exercise-induced increase in serum BDNF after cycling near a major traffic road. Neurosci Lett. 2011;500(2):129鈥?2. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2011.06.019 .
  21. Air quality guidelines for Europe. 2nd ed. WHO Regional Publications, European Series. Vol. 91. World Health Organization; 2000.
  22. World Urbanization Prospects: the 2011 Revision. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs PD; 2012.
  23. Brook RD, Franklin B, Cascio W, et al. Air pollution and cardiovascular disease: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Expert Panel on Population and Prevention Science of the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2004;109(21):2655鈥?1. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000128587.30041.C8 .
  24. Brook RD, Rajagopalan S, Pope CA 3rd, et al. Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: an update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2010;121(21):2331鈥?8. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1 .
  25. Mills NL, Donaldson K, Hadoke PW, et al. Adverse cardiovascular effects of air pollution. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2009;6(1):36鈥?4. doi:10.1038/ncpcardio1399 .
  26. Ostro B. Outdoor air pollution: assessing the environmental burden of disease at national and local levels. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004.
  27. Cohen A, Anderson R, Ostro B, et al. Urban air pollution. In: Ezzati M, Lopez AD, Rodgers A, Murray CJ, editors. Comparative quantification of health risks: global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004. p. 1353鈥?33.
  28. Seaton A, MacNee W, Donaldson K, et al. Particulate air pollution and acute health effects. Lancet. 1995;345(8943):176鈥?.
  29. Pope CA 3rd, Dockery DW. Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: lines that connect. J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2006;56(6):709鈥?2.
  30. Zhu Y, Hinds WC, Kim S, et al. Concentration and size distribution of ultrafine particles near a major highway. J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2002;52(9):1032鈥?2.
  31. Hagler GSW, Baldauf RW, Thoma ED, et al. Ultrafine particles near a major roadway in Raleigh, North Carolina: downwind attenuation and correlation with traffic-related pollutants. Atmos Environ. 2009;43(6):1229鈥?4. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.11.024 .
  32. Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990鈥?010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2224鈥?0. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8 .
  33. Brook RD, Rajagopalan S. Can what you breathe trigger a stroke within hours? Comment on 鈥渁mbient air pollution and the risk of acute ischemic stroke鈥? Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(3):235鈥?. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.1214 .
  34. Li XY, Yu XB, Liang WW, et al. Meta-analysis of association between particulate matter and stroke attack. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2012;18(6):501鈥?. doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2012.00325.x .
  35. Corea F, Silvestrelli G, Baccarelli A, et al. Airborne pollutants and lacunar stroke: a case cross-over analysis on stroke unit admissions. Neurol Int. 2012;4(2):e11. doi:10.4081/ni.2012.e11 .
  36. Mateen FJ, Brook RD. Air pollution as an emerging global risk factor for stroke. JAMA. 2011;305(12):1240鈥?. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.352 .
  37. Calder贸n-Garcidue帽as L, Azzarelli B, Acuna H, et al. Air pollution and brain damage. Toxicol Pathol. 2002;30(3):373鈥?9.
  38. Calder贸n-Garcidue帽as L, Maronpot RR, Torres-Jardon R, et al. DNA damage in nasal and brain tissues of canines exposed to air pollutants is associated with evidence of chronic brain inflammation and neurodegeneration. Toxicol Pathol. 2003;31(5):524鈥?8.
  39. Calder贸n-Garcidue帽as L, Solt AC, Henriquez-Roldan C, et al. Long-term air pollution exposure is associated with neuroinflammation, an altered innate immune response, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, ultrafine particulate deposition, and accumulation of amyloid beta-42 and alpha-synuclein in children and young adults. Toxicol Pathol. 2008;36(2):289鈥?10. doi:10.1177/0192623307313011 .
  40. Calder贸n-Garcidue帽as L, Reed W, Maronpot RR, et al. Brain inflammation and Alzheimer鈥檚-like pathology in individuals exposed to severe air pollution. Toxicol Pathol. 2004;32(6):650鈥?. doi:10.1080/01926230490520232 .
  41. Suglia SF, Gryparis A, Wright RO, et al. Association of black carbon with cognition among children in a prospective birth cohort study. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;167(3):280鈥?. doi:10.1093/aje/kwm308 .
  42. Chen JC, Schwartz J. Neurobehavioral effects of ambient air pollution on cognitive performance in US adults. Neurotoxicology. 2009;30(2):231鈥?. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2008.12.011 .
  43. Ranft U, Schikowski T, Sugiri D, et al. Long-term exposure to traffic-related particulate matter impairs cognitive function in the elderly. Environ Res. 2009;109(8):1004鈥?1. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2009.08.003 .
  44. Wellenius GA, Boyle LD, Coull BA, et al. Residential proximity to nearest major roadway and cognitive function in community-dwelling seniors: results from the MOBILIZE Boston Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(11):2075鈥?0. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04195.x .
  45. Weuve J, Puett RC, Schwartz J, et al. Exposure to particulate air pollution and cognitive decline in older women. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(3):219鈥?7. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.683 .
  46. Bos I, De Boever P, Emmerechts J, et al. Changed gene expression in brains of mice exposed to traffic in a highway tunnel. Inhal Toxicol. 2012;24(10):676鈥?6. doi:10.3109/08958378.2012.714004 .
  47. Farina F, Sancini G, Battaglia C, et al. Milano summer particulate matter (PM10) triggers lung inflammation and extra pulmonary adverse events in mice. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e56636. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056636 .
  48. Campbell A, Oldham M, Becaria A, et al. Particulate matter in polluted air may increase biomarkers of inflammation in mouse brain. Neurotoxicology. 2005;26(1):133鈥?0. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2004.08.003 .
  49. Guo L, Zhu N, Guo Z, et al. Particulate matter (PM10) exposure induces endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in rat brain. J Hazard Mater. 2012;213鈥?14:28鈥?7. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.01.034 .
  50. Gerlofs-Nijland ME, van Berlo D, Cassee FR, et al. Effect of prolonged exposure to diesel engine exhaust on proinflammatory markers in different regions of the rat brain. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2010;7:12. doi:10.1186/1743-8977-7-12 .
  51. Tin Tin Win S, Yamamoto S, Ahmed S, et al. Brain cytokine and chemokine mRNA expression in mice induced by intranasal instillation with ultrafine carbon black. Toxicol Lett. 2006;163(2):153鈥?0. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.10.006 .
  52. Win-Shwe TT, Yamamoto S, Fujitani Y, et al. Spatial learning and memory function-related gene expression in the hippocampus of mouse exposed to nanoparticle-rich diesel exhaust. Neurotoxicology. 2008;29(6):940鈥?. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2008.09.007 .
  53. Levesque S, Taetzsch T, Lull ME, et al. Diesel exhaust activates and primes microglia: air pollution, neuroinflammation, and regulation of dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Environ Health Perspect. 2011;119(8):1149鈥?5. doi:10.1289/ehp.1002986 .
  54. Campbell A, Araujo JA, Li H, et al. Particulate matter induced enhancement of inflammatory markers in the brains of apolipoprotein E knockout mice. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2009;9(8):5099鈥?04.
  55. Kleinman MT, Araujo JA, Nel A, et al. Inhaled ultrafine particulate matter affects CNS inflammatory processes and may act via MAP kinase signaling pathways. Toxicol Lett. 2008;178(2):127鈥?0. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.03.001 .
  56. Guerra R, Vera-Aguilar E, Uribe-Ramirez M, et al. Exposure to inhaled particulate matter activates early markers of oxidative stress, inflammation and unfolded protein response in rat striatum. Toxicol Lett. 2013;222(2):146鈥?4. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.07.012 .
  57. Morgan TE, Davis DA, Iwata N, et al. Glutamatergic neurons in rodent models respond to nanoscale particulate urban air pollutants in vivo and in vitro. Environ Health Perspect. 2011;119(7):1003鈥?. doi:10.1289/ehp.1002973 .
  58. Win-Shwe TT, Yamamoto S, Fujitani Y, et al. Nanoparticle-rich diesel exhaust affects hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and NMDA receptor subunit expression in female mice. Nanotoxicology. 2012;6(5):543鈥?3. doi:10.3109/17435390.2011.590904 .
  59. Win-Shwe TT, Fujimaki H, Fujitani Y, et al. Novel object recognition ability in female mice following exposure to nanoparticle-rich diesel exhaust. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2012;262(3):355鈥?2. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2012.05.015 .
  60. Veronesi B, Makwana O, Pooler M, et al. Effects of subchronic exposures to concentrated ambient particles. VII. Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Apo E-/- mice. Inhal Toxicol. 2005;17(4鈥?):235鈥?1. doi:10.1080/08958370590912888 .
  61. Levesque S, Surace MJ, McDonald J, et al. Air pollution & the brain: subchronic diesel exhaust exposure causes neuroinflammation and elevates early markers of neurodegenerative disease. J Neuroinflammation. 2011;8:105. doi:10.1186/1742-2094-8-105 .
  62. Fonken LK, Xu X, Weil ZM, et al. Air pollution impairs cognition, provokes depressive-like behaviors and alters hippocampal cytokine expression and morphology. Mol Psychiatry. 2011;16(10):987鈥?5, 973. doi:10.1038/mp.2011.76 .
  63. Hougaard KS, Saber AT, Jensen KA, et al. Diesel exhaust particles: effects on neurofunction in female mice. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2009;105(2):139鈥?3. doi:10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00407.x .
  64. Allen JL, Conrad K, Oberd枚rster G, et al. Developmental exposure to concentrated ambient particles and preference for immediate reward in mice. Environ Health Perspect. 2013;121(1):32鈥?. doi:10.1289/ehp.1205505 .
  65. Zanchi AC, Venturini CD, Saiki M, et al. Chronic nasal instillation of residual-oil fly ash (ROFA) induces brain lipid peroxidation and behavioral changes in rats. Inhal Toxicol. 2008;20(9):795鈥?00. doi:10.1080/08958370802009060 .
  66. Zanchi AC, Saiki M, Saldiva PH, et al. Hippocampus lipid peroxidation induced by residual oil fly ash intranasal instillation versus habituation to the open field. Inhal Toxicol. 2010;22(1):84鈥?. doi:10.3109/08958370902936931 .
  67. Yokota S, Takashima H, Ohta R, et al. Nasal instillation of nanoparticle-rich diesel exhaust particles slightly affects emotional behavior and learning capability in rats. J Toxicol Sci. 2011;36(3):267鈥?6.
  68. Win-Shwe TT, Mitsushima D, Yamamoto S, et al. Extracellular glutamate level and NMDA receptor subunit expression in mouse olfactory bulb following nanoparticle-rich diesel exhaust exposure. Inhal Toxicol. 2009;21(10):828鈥?6. doi:10.1080/08958370802538068 .
  69. Zhang H, Liu H, Davies KJ, et al. Nrf2-regulated phase II enzymes are induced by chronic ambient nanoparticle exposure in young mice with age-related impairments. Free Radic Biol Med. 2012;52(9):2038鈥?6. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.02.042 .
  70. Ljubimova JY, Kleinman MT, Karabalin NM, et al. Gene expression changes in rat brain after short and long exposures to particulate matter in Los Angeles basin air: comparison with human brain tumors. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2013;65(7鈥?):1063鈥?1. doi:10.1016/j.etp.2013.04.002 .
  71. van Berlo D, Albrecht C, Knaapen AM, et al. Comparative evaluation of the effects of short-term inhalation exposure to diesel engine exhaust on rat lung and brain. Arch Toxicol. 2010;84(7):553鈥?2. doi:10.1007/s00204-010-0551-7 .
  72. Sirivelu MP, MohanKumar SM, Wagner JG, et al. Activation of the stress axis and neurochemical alterations in specific brain areas by concentrated ambient particle exposure with concomitant allergic airway disease. Environ Health Perspect. 2006;114(6):870鈥?.
  73. Tin Tin Win S, Mitsushima D, Yamamoto S, et al. Changes in neurotransmitter levels and proinflammatory cytokine mRNA expressions in the mice olfactory bulb following nanoparticle exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2008;226(2):192鈥?. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2007.09.009 .
  74. Voss MW, Nagamatsu LS, Liu-Ambrose T, et al. Exercise, brain, and cognition across the life span. J Appl Physiol. 2011;111(5):1505鈥?3. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00210.2011 .
  75. Hillman CH, Motl RW, Pontifex MB, et al. Physical activity and cognitive function in a cross-section of younger and older community-dwelling individuals. Health Psychol. 2006;25(6):678鈥?7. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.25.6.678 .
  76. Yaffe K, Barnes D, Nevitt M, et al. A prospective study of physical activity and cognitive decline in elderly women: women who walk. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(14):1703鈥?.
  77. Singh-Manoux A, Hillsdon M, Brunner E, et al. Effects of physical activity on cognitive functioning in middle age: evidence from the Whitehall II prospective cohort study. Am J Public Health. 2005;95(12):2252鈥?. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2004.055574 .
  78. Brown AD, McMorris CA, Longman RS, et al. Effects of cardiorespiratory fitness and cerebral blood flow on cognitive outcomes in older women. Neurobiol Aging. 2010;31(12):2047鈥?7. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.11.002 .
  79. Stroth S, Hille K, Spitzer M, et al. Aerobic endurance exercise benefits memory and affect in young adults. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2009;19(2):223鈥?3. doi:10.1080/09602010802091183 .
  80. Erickson KI, Voss MW, Prakash RS, et al. Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U聽S聽A. 2011;108(7):3017鈥?2. doi:10.1073/pnas.1015950108 .
  81. Smith PJ, Blumenthal JA, Hoffman BM, et al. Aerobic exercise and neurocognitive performance: a meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials. Psychosom Med. 2010;72(3):239鈥?2. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181d14633 .
  82. Kulak W, Sobaniec W. Molecular mechanisms of brain plasticity: neurophysiologic and neuroimaging studies in the developing patients. Rocz Akad Med Bialymst. 2004;49:227鈥?6.
  83. van Praag H, Christie BR, Sejnowski TJ, et al. Running enhances neurogenesis, learning, and long-term potentiation in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U聽S聽A. 1999;96(23):13427鈥?1.
  84. van Praag H. Neurogenesis and exercise: past and future directions. Neuromolecular Med. 2008;10(2):128鈥?0. doi:10.1007/s12017-008-8028-z .
  85. Stranahan AM, Khalil D, Gould E. Running induces widespread structural alterations in the hippocampus and Entorhinal cortex. Hippocampus. 2007;17(11):1017鈥?2. doi:10.1002/Hipo.20348 .
  86. Dietrich MO, Andrews ZB, Horvath TL. Exercise-induced synaptogenesis in the hippocampus is dependent on UCP2-regulated mitochondrial adaptation. J Neurosci. 2008;28(42):10766鈥?1. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2744-08.2008 .
  87. Burdette JH, Laurienti PJ, Espeland MA, et al. Using network science to evaluate exercise-associated brain changes in older adults. Front Aging Neurosci. 2010;2:23. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2010.00023 .
  88. Voss MW, Prakash RS, Erickson KI, et al. Plasticity of brain networks in a randomized intervention trial of exercise training in older adults. Front Aging Neurosci. 2010;2. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2010.00032 .
  89. Chaddock L, Erickson KI, Prakash RS, et al. A functional MRI investigation of the association between childhood aerobic fitness and neurocognitive control. Biol Psychol. 2012;89(1):260鈥?. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.10.017 .
  90. Ferris LT, Williams JS, Shen CL. The effect of acute exercise on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels and cognitive function. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(4):728鈥?4. doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31802f04c7 .
  91. Vaynman S, Gomez-Pinilla F. License to run: exercise impacts functional plasticity in the intact and injured central nervous system by using neurotrophins. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2005;19(4):283鈥?5. doi:10.1177/1545968305280753 .
  92. Griffin EW, Bechara RG, Birch AM, et al. Exercise enhances hippocampal-dependent learning in the rat: evidence for a BDNF-related mechanism. Hippocampus. 2009;19(10):973鈥?0. doi:10.1002/hipo.20631 .
  93. Murer MG, Yan Q, Raisman-Vozari R. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the control human brain, and in Alzheimer鈥檚 disease and Parkinson鈥檚 disease. Prog Neurobiol. 2001;63(1):71鈥?24.
  94. Numakawa T, Suzuki S, Kumamaru E, et al. BDNF function and intracellular signaling in neurons. Histol Histopathol. 2010;25(2):237鈥?8.
  95. Yamada K, Nabeshima T. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor/TrkB signaling in memory processes. J Pharmacol Sci. 2003;91(4):267鈥?0.
  96. Levine ES, Dreyfus CF, Black IB, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor rapidly enhances synaptic transmission in hippocampal neurons via postsynaptic tyrosine kinase receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U聽S聽A. 1995;92(17):8074鈥?.
  97. Figurov A, Pozzo-Miller LD, Olafsson P, et al. Regulation of synaptic responses to high-frequency stimulation and LTP by neurotrophins in the hippocampus. Nature. 1996;381(6584):706鈥?. doi:10.1038/381706a0 .
  98. Patterson SL, Abel T, Deuel TA, et al. Recombinant BDNF rescues deficits in basal synaptic transmission and hippocampal LTP in BDNF knockout mice. Neuron. 1996;16(6):1137鈥?5.
  99. Allen SJ, Watson JJ, Shoemark DK, et al. GDNF, NGF and BDNF as therapeutic options for neurodegeneration. Pharmacol Ther. 2013;138(2):155鈥?5. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.01.004 .
  100. Minichiello L. TrkB signalling pathways in LTP and learning. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2009;10(12):850鈥?0. doi:10.1038/nrn2738 .
  101. Noble EE, Billington CJ, Kotz CM, et al. The lighter side of BDNF. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2011;300(5):R1053鈥?9. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00776.2010 .
  102. Linnarsson S, Bjorklund A, Ernfors P. Learning deficit in BDNF mutant mice. Eur J Neurosci. 1997;9(12):2581鈥?.
  103. Nockher WA, Renz H. Neurotrophins in allergic diseases: from neuronal growth factors to intercellular signaling molecules. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117(3):583鈥?. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2005.11.049 .
  104. Pan W, Banks WA, Fasold MB, et al. Transport of brain-derived neurotrophic factor across the blood-brain barrier. Neuropharmacology. 1998;37(12):1553鈥?1.
  105. Rasmussen P, Brassard P, Adser H, et al. Evidence for a release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor from the brain during exercise. Exp Physiol. 2009;94(10):1062鈥?. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2009.048512 .
  106. Huang AM, Jen CJ, Chen HF, et al. Compulsive exercise acutely upregulates rat hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor. J Neural Transm. 2006;113(7):803鈥?1. doi:10.1007/s00702-005-0359-4 .
  107. Soya H, Nakamura T, Deocaris CC, et al. BDNF induction with mild exercise in the rat hippocampus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007;358(4):961鈥?. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.04.173 .
  108. Adlard PA, Perreau VM, Engesser-Cesar C, et al. The timecourse of induction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA and protein in the rat hippocampus following voluntary exercise. Neurosci Lett. 2004;363(1):43鈥?. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2004.03.058 .
  109. Berchtold NC, Chinn G, Chou M, et al. Exercise primes a molecular memory for brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein induction in the rat hippocampus. Neuroscience. 2005;133(3):853鈥?1. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.03.026 .
  110. Seifert T, Brassard P, Wissenberg M, et al. Endurance training enhances BDNF release from the human brain. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2010;298(2):R372鈥?. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00525.2009 .
  111. Cassilhas RC, Lee KS, Fernandes J, et al. Spatial memory is improved by aerobic and resistance exercise through divergent molecular mechanisms. Neuroscience. 2012;202:309鈥?7. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.11.029 .
  112. Oliff HS, Berchtold NC, Isackson P, et al. Exercise-induced regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) transcripts in the rat hippocampus. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1998;61(1鈥?):147鈥?3.
  113. Knaepen K, Goekint M, Heyman EM, et al. Neuroplasticity鈥攅xercise-induced response of peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor: a systematic review of experimental studies in human subjects. Sports Med. 2010;40(9):765鈥?01. doi:10.2165/11534530-000000000-00000 .
  114. Griffin EW, Mullally S, Foley C, et al. Aerobic exercise improves hippocampal function and increases BDNF in the serum of young adult males. Physiol Behav. 2011;104(5):934鈥?1. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.06.005 .
  115. Zoladz JA, Pilc A, Majerczak J, et al. Endurance training increases plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor concentration in young healthy men. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2008;59(Suppl 7):119鈥?2.
  116. Baker LD, Frank LL, Foster-Schubert K, et al. Effects of aerobic exercise on mild cognitive impairment: a controlled trial. Arch Neurol. 2010;67(1):71鈥?. doi:10.1001/archneurol.2009.307 .
  117. Castellano V, White LJ. Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor response to aerobic exercise in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 2008;269(1鈥?):85鈥?1. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2007.12.030 .
  118. Schiffer T, Schulte S, Hollmann W, et al. Effects of strength and endurance training on brain-derived neurotrophic factor and insulin-like growth factor 1 in humans. Horm Metab Res. 2009;41(3):250鈥?. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1093322 .
  119. Schulz KH, Gold SM, Witte J, et al. Impact of aerobic training on immune-endocrine parameters, neurotrophic factors, quality of life and coordinative function in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 2004;225(1鈥?):11鈥?. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2004.06.009 .
  120. Bus BA, Molendijk ML, Penninx BJ, et al. Determinants of serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2011;36(2):228鈥?9. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.07.013 .
  121. Atkinson G. Air pollution and exercise. Sports Exerc Inj. 1997;3(1):2鈥?.
  122. Daigle CC, Chalupa DC, Gibb FR, et al. Ultrafine particle deposition in humans during rest and exercise. Inhal Toxicol. 2003;15(6):539鈥?2. doi:10.1080/08958370304468 .
  123. Londahl J, Massling A, Pagels J, et al. Size-resolved respiratory-tract deposition of fine and ultrafine hydrophobic and hygroscopic aerosol particles during rest and exercise. Inhal Toxicol. 2007;19(2):109鈥?6. doi:10.1080/08958370601051677 .
  124. Florida-James G, Donaldson K, Stone V. Athens 2004: the pollution climate and athletic performance. J Sports Sci. 2004;22(10):967鈥?0. doi:10.1080/02640410400000272 (discussion 80).
  125. Peiser B, Reilly T. Environmental factors in the summer Olympics in historical perspective. J Sports Sci. 2004;22(10):981鈥?001. doi:10.1080/02640410400000298 (discussion 2).
  126. Strak M, Boogaard H, Meliefste K, et al. Respiratory health effects of ultrafine and fine particle exposure in cyclists. Occup Environ Med. 2010;67(2):118鈥?4. doi:10.1136/oem.2009.046847 .
  127. McCreanor J, Cullinan P, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, et al. Respiratory effects of exposure to diesel traffic in persons with asthma. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(23):2348鈥?8. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa071535 .
  128. Chimenti L, Morici G, Paterno A, et al. Environmental conditions, air pollutants, and airway cells in runners: a longitudinal field study. J Sports Sci. 2009;27(9):925鈥?5. doi:10.1080/02640410902946493 .
  129. Rundell KW, Hoffman JR, Caviston R, et al. Inhalation of ultrafine and fine particulate matter disrupts systemic vascular function. Inhal Toxicol. 2007;19(2):133鈥?0. doi:10.1080/08958370601051727 .
  130. Marr LC, Ely MR. Effect of air pollution on marathon running performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42(3):585鈥?1. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181b84a85 .
  131. Cutrufello PT, Smoliga JM, Rundell KW. Small things make a big difference: particulate matter and exercise. Sports Med. 2012;42(12):1041鈥?8. doi:10.2165/11635170-000000000-00000 .
  132. Giles LV, Koehle MS. The health effects of exercising in air pollution. Sports Med. 2013;. doi:10.1007/s40279-013-0108-z .
  133. Zoladz JA, Pilc A. The effect of physical activity on the brain derived neurotrophic factor: from animal to human studies. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2010;61(5):533鈥?1.
  134. Goekint M, Roelands B, Heyman E, et al. Influence of citalopram and environmental temperature on exercise-induced changes in BDNF. Neurosci Lett. 2011;494(2):150鈥?. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2011.03.001 .
  135. Oberd枚rster G, Elder A, Rinderknecht A. Nanoparticles and the brain: cause for concern? J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2009;9(8):4996鈥?007.
  136. Oberd枚rster G, Sharp Z, Atudorei V, et al. Translocation of inhaled ultrafine particles to the brain. Inhal Toxicol. 2004;16(6鈥?):437鈥?5. doi:10.1080/08958370490439597 .
  137. Czerniawska A. Experimental investigations on the penetration of 198Au from nasal mucous membrane into cerebrospinal fluid. Acta Otolaryngol. 1970;70(1):58鈥?1.
  138. Illum L. Transport of drugs from the nasal cavity to the central nervous system. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2000;11(1):1鈥?8.
  139. Oberd枚rster G, Sharp Z, Atudorei V, et al. Extrapulmonary translocation of ultrafine carbon particles following whole-body inhalation exposure of rats. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2002;65(20):1531鈥?3. doi:10.1080/00984100290071658 .
  140. Geiser M, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Kapp N, et al. Ultrafine particles cross cellular membranes by nonphagocytic mechanisms in lungs and in cultured cells. Environ Health Perspect. 2005;113(11):1555鈥?0.
  141. Van Amsterdam JG, Verlaan BP, Van Loveren H, et al. Air pollution is associated with increased level of exhaled nitric oxide in nonsmoking healthy subjects. Arch Environ Health. 1999;54(5):331鈥?. doi:10.1080/00039899909602496 .
  142. Salvi S, Blomberg A, Rudell B, et al. Acute inflammatory responses in the airways and peripheral blood after short-term exposure to diesel exhaust in healthy human volunteers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159(3):702鈥?. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.159.3.9709083 .
  143. Adar SD, Adamkiewicz G, Gold DR, et al. Ambient and microenvironmental particles and exhaled nitric oxide before and after a group bus trip. Environ Health Perspect. 2007;115(4):507鈥?2. doi:10.1289/ehp.9386 .
  144. Jacobs L, Nawrot TS, de Geus B, et al. Subclinical responses in healthy cyclists briefly exposed to traffic-related air pollution: an intervention study. Environ Health. 2010;9:64. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-9-64 .
  145. Dantzer R, O鈥機onnor JC, Freund GG, et al. From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008;9(1):46鈥?6. doi:10.1038/nrn2297 .
  146. Tracey KJ. Reflex control of immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2009;9(6):418鈥?8. doi:10.1038/nri2566 .
  147. Block ML, Zecca L, Hong JS. Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: uncovering the molecular mechanisms. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007;8(1):57鈥?9. doi:10.1038/nrn2038 .
  148. Gao HM, Hong JS. Why neurodegenerative diseases are progressive: uncontrolled inflammation drives disease progression. Trends Immunol. 2008;29(8):357鈥?5. doi:10.1016/j.it.2008.05.002 .
  149. Yirmiya R, Goshen I. Immune modulation of learning, memory, neural plasticity and neurogenesis. Brain Behav Immun. 2011;25(2):181鈥?13. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.10.015 .
  150. Karlsson H, Ahlborg B, Dalman C, et al. Association between erythrocyte sedimentation rate and IQ in Swedish males aged 18鈥?0. Brain Behav Immun. 2010;24(6):868鈥?3. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.02.009 .
  151. Eriksson I, Gustafson Y, Fagerstrom L, et al. Urinary tract infection in very old women is associated with delirium. Int Psychogeriatr. 2011;23(3):496鈥?02. doi:10.1017/S1041610210001456 .
  152. Stromberg L, Lindgren U, Nordin C, et al. The appearance and disappearance of cognitive impairment in elderly patients during treatment for hip fracture. Scand J Caring Sci. 1997;11(3):167鈥?5.
  153. Barrientos RM, Higgins EA, Biedenkapp JC, et al. Peripheral infection and aging interact to impair hippocampal memory consolidation. Neurobiol Aging. 2006;27(5):723鈥?2. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.03.010 .
  154. Cortese GP, Barrientos RM, Maier SF, et al. Aging and a peripheral immune challenge interact to reduce mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor and activation of TrkB, PLCgamma1, and ERK in hippocampal synaptoneurosomes. J Neurosci. 2011;31(11):4274鈥?. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5818-10.2011 .
  155. MohanKumar SM, Campbell A, Block M, et al. Particulate matter, oxidative stress and neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology. 2008;29(3):479鈥?8. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2007.12.004 .
  156. Wu A, Ying Z, Gomez-Pinilla F. The interplay between oxidative stress and brain-derived neurotrophic factor modulates the outcome of a saturated fat diet on synaptic plasticity and cognition. Eur J Neurosci. 2004;19(7):1699鈥?07. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03246.x .
  157. Vaynman S, Ying Z, Wu A, et al. Coupling energy metabolism with a mechanism to support brain-derived neurotrophic factor-mediated synaptic plasticity. Neuroscience. 2006;139(4):1221鈥?4. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.01.062 .
  158. Barrientos RM. Voluntary exercise as an anti-neuroinflammatory therapeutic. Brain Behav Immun. 2011;25(6):1061鈥?. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2011.05.004 .
  159. Radak Z, Kaneko T, Tahara S, et al. Regular exercise improves cognitive function and decreases oxidative damage in rat brain. Neurochem Int. 2001;38(1):17鈥?3.
  160. Leem YH, Lee YI, Son HJ, et al. Chronic exercise ameliorates the neuroinflammation in mice carrying NSE/htau23. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011;406(3):359鈥?5. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.02.046 .
  161. Ghelfi E, Rhoden CR, Wellenius GA, et al. Cardiac oxidative stress and electrophysiological changes in rats exposed to concentrated ambient particles are mediated by TRP-dependent pulmonary reflexes. Toxicol Sci. 2008;102(2):328鈥?6. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfn005 .
  162. Gacki猫re F, Saliba L, Baude A, et al. Ozone inhalation activates stress-responsive regions of the CNS. J Neurochem. 2011;117(6):961鈥?2. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07267.x .
  163. Wheeler A, Zanobetti A, Gold DR, et al. The relationship between ambient air pollution and heart rate variability differs for individuals with heart and pulmonary disease. Environ Health Perspect. 2006;114(4):560鈥?.
  164. Follesa P, Biggio F, Gorini G, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation increases norepinephrine concentration and the gene expression of BDNF and bFGF in the rat brain. Brain Res. 2007;1179:28鈥?4. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2007.08.045 .
  165. Osharina V, Bagaev V, Wallois F, et al. Autonomic response and Fos expression in the NTS following intermittent vagal stimulation: importance of pulse frequency. Auton Neurosci. 2006;126鈥?27:72鈥?0. doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2006.03.011 .
  166. Ghosh A, Carnahan J, Greenberg ME. Requirement for BDNF in activity-dependent survival of cortical neurons. Science. 1994;263(5153):1618鈥?3.
  167. Chen MJ, Russo-Neustadt AA. Nitric oxide signaling participates in norepinephrine-induced activity of neuronal intracellular survival pathways. Life Sci. 2007;81(16):1280鈥?0. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2007.09.003 .
  168. Foley TE, Brooks LR, Gilligan LJ, et al. Brain activation patterns at exhaustion in rats that differ in inherent exercise capacity. PLoS One. 2012;7(9):e45415. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045415 .
  169. Herman JP, Cullinan WE. Neurocircuitry of stress: central control of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Trends Neurosci. 1997;20(2):78鈥?4.
  170. Hartog JJ, Boogaard H, Nijland H, et al. Do the health benefits of cycling outweigh the risks? Cien Saude Colet. 2011;16(12):4731鈥?4.
  171. Rojas-Rueda D, de Nazelle A, Tainio M, et al. The health risks and benefits of cycling in urban environments compared with car use: health impact assessment study. BMJ. 2011;343:d4521. doi:10.1136/bmj.d4521 .
  172. Int Panis L. Cycling: health benefits and risks. Environ Health Perspect. 2011;119(3):a114. doi:10.1289/ehp.1103227 (author reply a114鈥?).
  
• 作者单位：Inge Bos (1) (2)
  Patrick De Boever (2) (3)
  Luc Int Panis (2) (4)
  Romain Meeusen (1) (5)
  
  1. Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1st floor, U-residence, Generaal Jacqueslaan 271, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
  2. Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
  3. Center for Environmental Sciences (CMK), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
  4. Transportation Research Institute (IMOB), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
  5. School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
  
• ISSN：1179-2035

文摘

This review introduces an emerging research field that is focused on studying the effect of exposure to air pollution during exercise on cognition, with specific attention to the impact on concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and inflammatory markers. It has been repeatedly demonstrated that regular physical activity enhances cognition, and evidence suggests that BDNF, a neurotrophin, plays a key role in the mechanism. Today, however, air pollution is an environmental problem worldwide and the high traffic density, especially in urban environments and cities, is a major cause of this problem. During exercise, the intake of air pollution increases considerably due to an increased ventilation rate and particle deposition fraction. Recently, air pollution exposure has been linked to adverse effects on the brain such as cognitive decline and neuropathology. Inflammation and oxidative stress seem to play an important role in inducing these health effects. We believe that there is a need to investigate whether the well-known benefits of regular physical activity on the brain also apply when physical activity is performed in polluted air. We also report our findings about exercising in an environment with ambient levels of air pollutants. Based on the latter results, we hypothesize that traffic-related air pollution exposure during exercise may inhibit the positive effect of exercise on cognition.