The Deep Biosphere of the Subseafloor Igneous Crust

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• 关键词：Basalts ; Endoliths ; Microbial habitats ; Oceanic igneous crust ; The deep biosphere
• 刊名：The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：50
• 期：1
• 页码：143-166
• 全文大小：871 KB
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• 作者单位：Magnus Ivarsson (5)
  N. G. Holm (6)
  A. Neubeck (6)
  
  5. Department of Palaeobiology, Nordic Center for Earth Evolution (NordCEE), Swedish Museum of Natural History, Svante Arrhenius väg 9, Box 50007, 104 05, Stockholm, Sweden
  6. Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
  
• 丛书名：Trace Metal Biogeochemistry and Ecology of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Systems
• ISBN：978-3-319-41340-2
• 刊物类别：Earth and Environmen
• 刊物主题：Environment
  Waste Water Technology, Water Pollution Control, Water Management and Aquatic Pollution
  Geoecology and Natural Processes
  Monitoring, Environmental Analysis and Environmental Ecotoxicology
  Atmospheric Protection, Air Quality Control and Air Pollution
  Environmental Management
  
• 出版者：Springer Berlin / Heidelberg
• 卷排序：50

文摘

The igneous portion of the subseafloor crust is considered to be the largest potential microbial habitat on Earth; thus, it is somewhat of a paradox that our knowledge regarding its abundance, diversity and ecology is sparse, close to non-existent. This is mainly due to issues involved in sampling live species, and therefore much of our present knowledge of the deep biosphere is based on a fossil record. However, drilling and sampling techniques are constantly being developed to facilitate sampling of live microorganisms, and recent molecular studies show a positive progress towards better recovery and less contamination. Here we discuss the subseafloor igneous crust as a microbial habitat, its physical and geochemical prerequisites to support life and what type of life that could sustain in such an extreme environment. We also discuss what the fossil record, and the few successful molecular studies, tells us regarding what type of microorganisms exist in the deep subseafloor settings. It appears as if the igneous crust is more diverse than previously expected consisting of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes in close interplay with each other and their physical environment. As our knowledge increases so does the questions, and hopefully future technique development can provide us with an increased understanding of this deep, hidden world.