Passive sampling of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor and outdoor air in Shanghai, China: seasonal variations, sources, and inhalation exposure
文摘
Ninety-seven seasonal, passive indoor and outdoor air samples were collected in Shanghai to study polybrominated diphenyl ethers (ΣPBDEs, 16 congeners including BDE-209), their concentrations, composition profiles, seasonal variations, influencing factors, emission sources, and human inhalation exposure. In summer, median indoor concentrations of Σ 15 PBDEs (excluding BDE-209) were 82 pg m−3 in offices and 30 pg m−3 in homes, ∼3 times the winter concentrations. The average summer concentration of 130 pg m−3 BDE-209 in homes was higher than that in offices (which was 90 pg m−3); in winter, home and office concentrations were similar (46 and 47 pg m−3, respectively). For outdoor air, the median concentration of Σ 15 PBDEs in summer (12 pg m−3) was twice the winter concentration (6 pg m−3), while the summer median concentration of BDE-209 (398 pg m−3) was half the winter concentration (794 pg m−3). Higher concentrations of Σ 15 PBDEs indoors compared with outdoors showed that the lower brominated BDEs found were mainly from indoor sources. Meanwhile, the much lower indoor concentration of BDE-209 compared with the outdoors showed that BDE-209 came mainly from outdoor sources. The data set also indicated that electric/electronic appliances were the main sources of indoor ΣPBDEs, and old appliances emitted more lower brominated BDEs, while industrial emissions should be the main source of the outdoor BDE-209. Median daily human exposures to Σ 15 PBDEs and BDE-209 through inhalation were estimated to be 0.23 and 1.73 ng day−1 in winter and 0.65 and 2.28 ng day−1 in summer for adults. The human inhalation exposure to ΣPBDEs (3.44 ng day−1 for adults and 1.33 ng day−1 for toddlers) was comparable to that from eating contaminated fish for both toddlers and adults in Shanghai.