Pore pressure embrittlement in a volcanic edifice

详细信息    查看全文

• 作者：Jamie Farquharson ; Michael J. Heap ; Patrick Baud…
• 关键词：Andesite ; Mechanical deformation ; Pore pressure ; Brittle ; inelastic compaction ; Volcanic edifice ; Volcán de Colima
• 刊名：Bulletin of Volcanology
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：January 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：78
• 期：1
• 全文大小：4,970 KB
• 参考文献：Adelinet M, Fortin J, Schubnel A, Guéguen Y (2013) Deformation modes in an Icelandic basalt: from brittle failure to localized deformation bands. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 255:15–25CrossRef
  Anderson KR, Poland MP, Johnson JH, Miklius A (2015) Episodic deflation–inflation events at Kılauea Volcano and implications for the shallow magma system. Hawaiian Volcanoes: From Source to Surface 208:229
  Arciniega-Ceballos A, Chouet BA, Dawson P (2003) Long-period events and tremor at Popocatepetl Volcano (1994–2000) and their broadband characteristics. Bull Volcanol 65:124–135. doi:10.​1007/​s00445-002-0248-8
  Auker MR, Sparks RSJ, Siebert L, Crosweller HS, Ewert J (2013) A statistical analysis of the global historical volcanic fatalities record. J Appl Volcanol 2(1):1–24CrossRef
  Baud P, Meredith PG (1997) Damage accumulation during triaxial creep of Darley Dale sandstone from pore volumometry and acoustic emission. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 34(3):24–e1
  Baud P, Zhu W, T-f W (2000) Failure mode and weakening effect of water on sandstone. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 105(B7):16371–16389. doi:10.​1029/​2000JB900087 CrossRef
  Baud P, Reuschlé T, Ji Y, Cheung CS, Wong TF (2015) Mechanical compaction and strain localization in Bleurswiller sandstone. Solid Earth, Journal of Geophysical Research
  Bean CJ, De Barros L, Lokmer I, Métaxian JP, O’Brien G, Murphy S (2014) Long-period seismicity in the shallow volcanic edifice formed from slow-rupture earthquakes. Nat Geosci 7(1):71–75CrossRef
  Benson PM, Heap MJ, Lavallée Y, Flaws A, Hess KU, Selvadurai APS, Dingwell DB, Schillinger B (2012) Laboratory simulations of tensile fracture development in a volcanic conduit via cyclic magma pressurisation. Earth Planet Sci Lett 349:231–239. doi:10.​1016/​j.​epsl.​2012.​07.​003 CrossRef
  Benson PM, Vinciguerra S, Meredith PG, Young RP (2008) Laboratory simulation of volcano seismicity. Science 322(5899):249–252CrossRef
  Berryman JG (1992) Effective stress for transport properties of inhomogeneous rocks. J Geophys Res 97(B12):17,409–17,424. doi:10.​1029/​92JB01593 CrossRef
  Biot MA (1941) General theory of three‐dimensional consolidation. J Appl Phys 12(2):155–164CrossRef
  Boué A, Lesage P, Cortés G, Valette B, Reyes‐Dávila G (2015) Real‐time eruption forecasting using the material failure forecast method with a Bayesian approach. Solid Earth, Journal of Geophysical Research
  Brantut N, Heap MJ, Meredith PG, Baud P (2013) Time-dependent cracking and brittle creep in crustal rocks: a review. J Struct Geol 52:17–43. doi:10.​1016/​j.​jsg.​2013.​03.​007 CrossRef
  Caricchi L, Pommier A, Pistone M, Castro J, Burgisser A, Pergini D (2011) Strain-induced magma outgassing: insights from simple-shear experiments on bubble bearing melts. Bull Volcanol 73:1245–1257. doi:10.​1007/​s00445-011-0471-2 CrossRef
  Chouet BA (1996) Long-period volcano seismicity: its source and use in eruption forecasting. Nature 380:309–316. doi:10.​1038/​380309a0 CrossRef
  Collinson ASD, Neuberg JW (2012) Gas storage, transport and pressure changes in an evolving permeable volcanic edifice. J Volcanol Geoth Res 243–244:1–13. doi:10.​1016/​j.​jvolgeores.​2012.​06.​027 CrossRef
  Costa, A., Melnik, O., and Vedeneeva, E. (2007). Thermal effects during magma ascent in conduits. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth (1978–2012), 112(B12).
  Day SJ (1996) Hydrothermal pore fluid and the stability of porous, permeable volcanoes. Q J Geol Soc Lond 111:77–93. doi:10.​1144/​GSL.​SP.​1996.​110.​01.​06
  De Lauro E, De Martino S, Palo M, Ibañez JM (2012) Self-sustained oscillations at Volcán de Colima (México) inferred by independent component analysis. Bull Volcanol 74:279–292CrossRef
  Denlinger RP, Hoblitt RP (1999) Cyclic eruptive behavior of silicic volcanoes. Geology 27(5):459–462CrossRef
  Diller K, Clarke AB, Voight B, Neri A (2006) Mechanisms of conduit plug formation: implications for vulcanian explosions. Geophys Res Lett 33:L20302. doi:10.​1029/​2006GL027391 CrossRef
  Donnadieau F, Merle O, Besson J-C (2001) Volcanic edifice stability during cryptodome intrusion. Bull Volcanol 63:61–72. doi:10.​1007/​s004450000122 CrossRef
  Edmonds M, Oppenheimer C, Pyle DM, Herd RA, Thompson G (2003) SO2 emissions from Soufrière Hills Volcano and their relationship to conduit permeability, hydrothermal interaction and outgassing regime. J Volcanol Geoth Res 124:23–43. doi:10.​1016/​S0377-0273(03)00041-6 CrossRef
  Elsworth D, Voight B (1992) Theory of dike intrusion in a saturated porous solid. J Geophys Res: Solid Earth (1978–2012) 97(B6):9105–9117. doi:10.​1029/​92JB00519 CrossRef
  Elsworth D, Voight B, Ouyang Z, Piggott AR (1996) Poroelastic response resulting from magma intrusion, Mechanics of Poroelastic Media. Springer, Netherlands, pp 215–233
  Farquharson J, Heap MJ, Varley NR, Baud P, Reuschlé T (2015) Permeability and porosity relationships of edifice-forming andesites: a combined field and laboratory study. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 297:52–68CrossRef
  Faulkner DR, Rutter EH (2001) Can the maintenance of overpressured fluids in large strike-slip fault zones explain their apparent weakness? Geology 29(6):503–506CrossRef
  Gaunt HE, Sammonds PR, Meredith PG, Smith R, Pallister JS (2014) Pathways for degassing during the lava dome eruption of Mount St. Helens 2004–2008. Geology 42(11):947–950. doi:10.​1130/​G35940.​1 CrossRef
  Gerst A, Savage MK (2004) Seismic anisotropy beneath Ruapehu Volcano: a possible eruption forecasting tool. Science 306:1543–1547CrossRef
  Giammanco S, Gurrieri S, Valenza M (1998) Anomalous soil CO2 degassing in relation to faults and eruptive fissures on Mount Etna (Sicily, Italy). Bull Volcanol 60(4):252–259CrossRef
  Gudmundsson A (2011) Rock fractures in geological processes. Cambridge University Press, UKCrossRef
  Gudmundsson A, Friese N, Galindo I, Philipp SL (2008) Dike-induced reverse faulting in a graben. Geology 36(2):123–126CrossRef
  Guéguen Y, Palciauskas V (1994) Introduction to the physics of rocks. Princeton University Press, UK
  Hagerty MT, Schwartz SY, Garces MA, Protti M (2000) Analysis of seismic and acoustic observations at Arenal Volcano, Costa Rica, 1995–1997. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 101:27–65CrossRef
  Harris AJL, Maciejewski AJH (2000) Thermal surveys of the Vulcano Fossa fumarole field 1994–1999: evidence for fumarole migration and sealing. J Volcan Geotherm Res 102:119–147CrossRef
  Harrington RM, Brodsky EE (2007) Volcanic hybrid earthquakes that are brittle‐failure events. Geophys Res Lett 34(6). doi: 10.​1029/​2006GL028714
  Heap MJ, Farquharson Y, Baud P, Lavallée Y, Reuschlé T (2015a) Fracture and compaction of andesite in a volcanic edifice. Bull Volcanol 77(6):1–19
  Heap MJ, Xu T, Kushnir ARL, Kennedy BM, Chen C-f (2015b) Fracture of magma containing overpressurised pores. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Accepted
  Heap MJ, Kennedy BM, Pernin N, Jacquemard L, Baud P, Farquharson JI, Dingwell DB (2015c) Mechanical behaviour and failure modes in the Whakaari (White Island volcano) hydrothermal system, New Zealand. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 295:26–42
  Heap MJ, Lavallée Y, Petrakova L, Baud P, Reuschlé T, Varley NR, Dingwell DB (2014a) Microstructural controls on the physical and mechanical properties of edifice-forming andesites at Volcán de Colima, Mexico. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 119. doi: 10.​1002/​2013JB010521 .
  Heap, MJ., Baud, P., Meredith, P. G., Bell, A. F., and Main, I. G. (2009). Time‐dependent brittle creep in Darley Dale sandstone. J Geophys Res Solid Earth (1978–2012), 114(B7).
  Heap MJ, Baud P, Meredith PG, Vinciguerra S, Reuschlé T (2014b) The permeability and elastic moduli of tuff from Campi Flegrei, Italy: implications for ground deformation modelling. Solid Earth 5:25–44
  Heiken G, Wohletz K, Eichelberger JC (1988) Fracture fillings and intrusive pyroclasts, Inyo Domes, California. J Geophys Res 93:4335–4350CrossRef
  Heiligmann M, Stix J, Williams-Jones G, Lollar BS, Garzón VG (1997) Distal degassing of radon and carbon dioxide on Galeras Volcano, Colombia. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 77(1):267–283CrossRef
  Heimisson ER, Einarsson P, Sigmundsson F, Brandsdóttir B (2015) Kilometer‐scale Kaiser effect identified in Krafla Volcano. Iceland, Geophysical Research Letters
  Hubbert MK, Rubey WW (1959) Role of fluid pressure in mechanics of overthrust faulting: I. Mechanics of fluid-filled porous solids and its application to overthrust faulting. Geo Soc Am Bull 70:115–166. doi:10.​1130/​0016-7606(1959)70[167:​ROFPIM]2.​0.​CO;2 CrossRef
  Hurwitz S, Johnston MJ (2003) Groundwater level changes in a deep well in response to a magma intrusion event on Kilauea Volcano, Hawai’i. Geophys Res Lett 30:22. doi:10.​1029/​2003GL018676 CrossRef
  Hutchison W, Varley N, Pyle DM, Mather TA (2013) In: Pyle DL, Mather TA (eds) Remote sensing of volcanoes & volcanic processes: integrating observation & modelling. Geological Society, London, pp 203–228
  James MR, Lane SJ, Chouet B, Gilbert JS (2004) Pressure changes associated with the ascent and bursting of gas slugs in liquid-filled vertical and inclined conduits. J Volcanol Geoth Res 129:61–82. doi:10.​1016/​S0377-0273(03)00232-4 CrossRef
  James MR, Varley N (2012) Identification of structural controls in an active lava dome with high resolution DEMs: Volcán de Colima. Mexico Geophys Re Lett 39:L22303. doi:10.​1029/​2012GL054245
  Jaupart C (1998) Gas loss from magmas through conduit walls during eruption. J Geol Soc 145:73–90
  Johnson JB, Lees JM (2000) Plugs and chugs—seismic and acoustic observations of outgassing explosions at Karymsky, Russia and Sangay. Ecuador J Volcanol Geoth Res 101:67–82. doi:10.​1016/​S0377-0273(00)00164-5 CrossRef
  Johnson PA, McEvilly TV (1995) Parkfield seismicity: fluid-driven? J Geophys Res 100:12937–12950. doi:10.​1029/​95JB00474 CrossRef
  Jousset P, Budi-Santoso A, Jolly AD, Boichu M, Surono DS, Sumarti S, Hidayati S, Thierry P (2013) Signs of magma ascent in LP and VLP seismic events and link to outgassing: an example from the 2010 explosive eruption at Merapi Volcano. Indonesia J Volcanol Geoth Res 261:171–192. doi:10.​1016/​j.​jvolgeores.​2013.​03.​014 CrossRef
  Kaiser L (1953) Erkenntnisse und folgerungen aus der messung von geräuschen bei zugbeanspruchung von metallischen werkstoffen. Arch Eisenhüttenwesen 24:43–45
  Kendrick JE, Smith R, Sammonds P, Meredith PG, Dainty M, Pallister JS (2013) The influence of thermal and cyclic stressing on the strength of rocks from Mount St. Helens, Washington. Bull Volcanol 75(7):1–12CrossRef
  Kennedy LA, Russell JK, Nelles E (2009) Origins of Mount St. Helens cataclasites: experimental insights. Am Mineral 94:995–1004CrossRef
  Knapp RB, Knight JE (1977) Differential thermal expansion of pore fluids: fracture propagation and microearthquake production in hot pluton environments. J Geophys Res 82(17):2515–2522CrossRef
  Kolzenburg S, Heap MJ, Lavallée RJK, Meredith PG, Dingwell DB (2012) Strength and permeability recovery of tuffisite-bearing andesite. Solid Earth 3:191–198. doi:10.​5194/​se-3-191-2012 CrossRef
  Kranz RL, Scholz CH (1977) Critical dilatant volume of rocks at the onset of tertiary creep. J Geophys Res 82(30):4893–4898CrossRef
  Kumagai H, Chouet BA, Nakano M (2002) Temporal evolution of a hydrothermal system in Kusasutsu-Shirane Volcano, Japan, inferred from the complex frequencies of long-period events. J Geophys Res 107:B11–B2301. doi:10.​1029/​2001JB000653
  Lagmay AMF, de Vries BVW, Kerle N, Pyle DM (2000) Volcano instability induced by strike-slip faulting. Bull Volcanol 62(4–5):331–346CrossRef
  Lahr JC, Chouet BA, Stephens CD, Power JA, Page RA (1994) Earthquake classification, location, and error analysis in a volcanic environment: implications for the magmatic system of the 1989–1990 eruptions at redoubt volcano. Alaska J Volcanol Geoth Res 62:137–151. doi:10.​1016/​0377-0273(94)90031-0 CrossRef
  Lavallée Y, Benson PM, Heap MJ, Flaws A, Hess K-U, Dingwell DB (2011) Volcanic conduit failure as a trigger to magma fragmentation. Bull Volcanol 74:11–13CrossRef
  Lavallée Y, Benson PM, Heap MJ, Hess KU, Flaws A, Schillinger B, Dingwell DB (2013) Reconstructing magma failure and the degassing network of dome-building eruptions. Geology 41(4):515–518. doi:10.​1130/​G33948.​1 CrossRef
  Lavallée Y, Heap MJ, Kueppers U, Kendrick J, Dingwell DB (2016) The fragility of Volcán de Colima—a material constraint. In: Varley N, Komorowski J-C (eds) Volcán de Colima: managing the threat. Active Volcanoes of the World. Springer, New York, ISBN 978-3-642-25910-4 (In Press)
  Lavrov A (2003) The Kaiser effect in rocks: principals and stress estimation techniques. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 40:151–171CrossRef
  Lensky NG, Navon O, Lyakhovsky V (2004) Bubble growth during decompression of magma: experimental and theoretical investigation. J Volcanol Geoth Res 129:7–22. doi:10.​1016/​S0377-0273(03)00229-4 CrossRef
  Loaiza S, Fortin J, Schubnel A, Gueguen Y, Vinciguerra S, Moreira M (2012) Mechanical behavior and localized failure modes in a porous basalt from the Azores. Geophys Res Lett 39(19)
  Lockner D (1993) The role of acoustic emission in the study of rock fracture. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 30:883–899. doi:10.​1016/​0148-9062(93)90041-B CrossRef
  Luhr JF (2002) Petrology and geochemistry of the 1991 and 1998–1999 lava flows from Volcán de Colima, México: implications for the end of the current eruptive cycle. J Volcanol Geoth Res 117:169–194. doi:10.​1016/​S0377-0273(02)00243-3 CrossRef
  Melnik O, Barmin AA, Sparks RSJ (2005) Dynamics of magma flow inside volcanic conduits with bubble overpressure buildup and gas loss through permeable magma. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 143(1):53–68CrossRef
  Michaut C, Ricard Y, Bercovici D, Sparks RSJ (2013) Eruption cyclicity at silicic volcanoes potentially caused by magmatic gas waves. Nat Geosci 6(10):856–860CrossRef
  Mueller SB, Varley NR, Kueppers U, Lesage P, Reyes-Davila GA, Dingwell DB (2013) Quantification of magma ascent rate through rockfall monitoring at the growing/collapsing lava dome of Volcan de Colima, Mexico. Solid Earth. 4/ 201–213. doi: 10.5194:se-4-201-2013.
  Mueller S, Scheu B, Kueppers U, Spieler O, Richard D, Dingwell DB (2011) The porosity of pyroclasts as an indicator of volcanic explosivity. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 203(3):168–174CrossRef
  Nara Y, Meredith PG, Yoneda T, Kaneko K (2011) Influence of macro-fractures and micro-fractures on permeability and elastic wave velocities in basalt at elevated pressure. Tectonophysics 503(1):52–59CrossRef
  Neuberg J (2000) Characteristics and causes of shallow seismicity in andesite volcanoes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A Math Phys Eng Sci 358(1770):1533–1546CrossRef
  Neuberg JW, Tuffen H, Collier L, Green D, Powell T, Dingwell D (2006) The trigger mechanism of low-frequency earthquakes on Montserrat. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 153(1):37–50CrossRef
  Newhall CG, Albano SE, Matsumoto N, Sandoval T (2001) Roles of groundwater in volcanic unrest. J Geol Soc Phil 56:69–84
  Nicholson EJ, Mather TA, Pyle DM, Odbert HM, Christopher T (2013) Cyclical patterns in volcanic degassing revealed by SO 2 flux timeseries analysis: an application to Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat. Earth Planet Sci Lett 375:209–221CrossRef
  Nishi Y, Sherburn S, Scott SJ, Sugihara M (1996) High-frequency earthquakes at White Island volcano, New Zealand: insights into the shallow structure of a volcano hydrothermal system. J Volcanol Geoth Res 72:183–197. doi:10.​1016/​0377-0273(96)00005-4 CrossRef
  Ougier-Simonin A, Zhu W (2013) Effects of pore fluid pressure on slip behaviors: an experimental study. Geophys Res Lett 40:2619–2624. doi:10.​1002/​grl.​50543 CrossRef
  Palo M, Ibanez JM, Cisneros M, Breton M, Del Pezzo E, Ocana E, Orozco-Rojas J, Posadas AM (2009) Analysis of the seismic wavefield properties of volcanic explosions at Volcan de Colima, Mexico: insights into the source mechanism. Geophys J Int 177:1383–1398. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1365-246X.​2009.​04134.​x CrossRef
  Paterson MS, Wong T-f (2005) Experimental rock deformation—the brittle field, 2nd edn. Springer, New York
  Petersen T, Caplan-Auerbach J, McNutt SR (2006) Sustained long period seismicity at Shishaldin Volcano, Alaska. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 151:365–381CrossRef
  Petrosino S, Cusano P, La Rocca M, Galluzzo D, Orozco-Rojas J, Bretón M, Ibañez J, Del Pezzo E (2011) Source location of long period seismicity at Volcàn de Colima. México Bull Volcanol 73:887–898CrossRef
  Plail M, Edmonds M, Humphreys M, Barclay J, Herd RA (2014) Geochemical evidence for relict degassing pathways preserved in andesite. Earth Plan Sci Let 386:21–33. doi:10.​1016/​j.​epsl.​2013.​10.​044 CrossRef
  Power JA, Stihler SD, White RA, Moran SC (2004) Observations of deep long-period (DLP) seismic events beneath Aleutian arc volcanoes; 1989–2002. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 138(3):243–266CrossRef
  Reid ME, Christian SB, Brien DL (2000) Gravitational stability of three-dimensional stratovolcano edifices. J Geophys Res 105:6043–6056. doi:10.​1029/​1999JB900310 CrossRef
  Roman DC, Moran SC, Power JA, Cashman KV (2004) Temporal and spatial variation of local stress fields before and after the 1992 eruptions of Crater Peak Vent, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska. Bull Seismol Soc Am 94:2366–2379CrossRef
  Rubey WW, Hubbert MK (1959) Role of fluid pressure in mechanics of overthrust faulting: II. Overthrust belt in geosynclinal area of western Wyoming in light of fluid-pressure hypothesis. Geo Soc Am Bull 70:167–206. doi:10.​1130/​0016-7606(1959)70[167:​ROFPIM]2.​0.​CO;2 CrossRef
  Rust AC, Cashman KV, Wallace PJ (2004) Magma degassing buffered by vapor flow through brecciated conduit margins. Geology 32(4):349–352CrossRef
  Savov IP, Luhr JF, Navarro-Ochoa C (2008) Petrology and geochemistry of lava and ash erupted from Volcán Colima, Mexico, during 1998–2005. J Volcanol Geoth Res 174:241–256. doi:10.​1016/​j.​jvolgeores.​2008.​02.​007 CrossRef
  Shibata T, Akita F (2001) Precursory changes in well water level prior to the March, 2000 eruption of Usu Volcano, Japan. Geophys Res Lett 28(9):1799–1802. doi:10.​1029/​2000GL012467 CrossRef
  Shiina T, Nakajima J, Matsuzawa T (2013) Seismic evidence for high pore pressures in the oceanic crust: implications for fluid‐related embrittlement. Geophys Res Lett 40(10):2006–2010CrossRef
  Shields JK, Mader HM, Pistone M, Caricchi L, Floess D, Putlitz B (2014) Strain‐induced outgassing of three‐phase magmas during simple shear. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 119(9):6936–6957. doi:10.​1002/​2014JB011111 CrossRef
  Sigurdsson O (1982) Analysis of pressure pulses resulting from volcanic activity in the vicinity of a well, M.S. Thesis. University of Oklahoma, Norman, p 75
  Sisson TW, Power JA (2013) Deep-crustal seismicity in volcanic regions by fluid-enhanced wallrock embrittlement. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2013, abstract #V13B-2616.
  Sisson TW, Bacon CR (1999) Gas-driven filter pressing in magmas. Geology 27(7):613–616CrossRef
  Stevenson JA, Varley N (2008) Fumarole monitoring with a handheld infrared camera: Volcán de Colima, Mexico, 2006–2007. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 177(4):911–924CrossRef
  Strehlow K, Gottsmann JH, Rust AC (2015) Poroelastic responses of confined aquifers to subsurface strain changes and their use for volcano monitoring. Solid Earth Discuss 7:1673–1729. doi:10.​5194/​sed-7-1673-2015 CrossRef
  Taisne B, Juapart C (2008) Magma outgassing and intermittent lava dome growth. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35: L20310. doi: :10.​1029/​2008GL035432 .
  Taran Y, Gavilanes JC, Cortés A, Armienta MA (2000) Chemical precursors to the 1998–1999 eruption of Colima Volcano, Mexico. Revista mexicana de ciencias geológicas 17(2):111–124
  Terzaghi KV (1923) Die Berechnung der Durchlässigkeitsziffer des Tones aus dem Verlauf der hydrodynamischen Spannungserscheinungen. [The calculation of the permeability coefficient of clay from the variation of hydrodynamic stress phenomena]. Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. Abteilung IIa 132:125–138
  Thomas ME, Neuberg J (2012) What makes a volcano tick—a first explanation of deep multiple seismic sources in ascending magma. Geology 40:351–354. doi:10.​1130/​G32868.​1 CrossRef
  Thomas ME, Petford N, Bromhead EN (2004) The effect of internal gas pressurization on volcanic edifice stability: evolution towards a critical state. Terra Nova 16(5):312–317CrossRef
  Varley NR, Taran Y (2003) Degassing processes of Popocatépetl and Volcán de Colima, Mexico. Geol Soc Lond, Spec Publ 213(1):263–280CrossRef
  Varley N, Arámbula-Mendoza R, Sanderson R, Stevenson J (2010) Generation of Vulcanian activity and long-period seismicity at Volcán de Colima, Mexico. J Volcanol Geoth Res 198(1–2):45–56. doi:10.​1016/​j.​jvolgeores.​2010.​08.​009 CrossRef
  Vinciguerra S, Meredith PG, Hazzard J (2004) Experimental and modeling study of fluid pressure-driven fractures in Darley Dale sandstone. Geophys Res Lett 31:L09609. doi:10.​1029/​2004GL019638 CrossRef
  Voight B, Elsworth D (1997) Failure of volcano slopes. Geotechnique 47:1–31. doi:10.​1680/​geot.​1997.​47.​1.​1 CrossRef
  Voight B, Sparks RJS, Miller AD, Stewart RC, Hoblitt RP, Clarke A, Ewart J, Aspinall WP, Baptie B, Calder ES, Cole P, Druitt TH, Hartford C, Herd RA, Jackson P, Lejeune AM, Lockhart AB, Loughlin SC, Luckett R, Lynch L, Norton GE, Robertson R, Watson IM, Watts R, Young SR (1999) Magma flow instability and cyclic activity at Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, British West Indies. Science 283:1138–1142. doi:10.​1126/​science.​283.​5405.​1138 CrossRef
  Wang HF (2000) Theory of linear poroelasticity with applications to geomechanics and hydrogeology. Princeton Univ, Press, Princeton, N. J
  Watson IM, Oppenheimer C, Voight B, Francis PW, Clarke A, Stix J, Staff MVO (2000) The relationship between degassing and ground deformation at Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat. J Volcanol Geoth Res 98(1):117–126CrossRef
  Watters RJ, Zimbelman DR, Bowman SD, Crowley JK (2000) Rock mass strength assessment and significance to edifice stability, Mount Rainier and Mount Hood, Cascade Range Volcanoes. Pure Appl Geophys 157:957–976. doi:10.​1007/​s000240050012 CrossRef
  Wong T-f, Baud P (2012) The brittle-ductile transition in porous rock: a review. J Struct Geol 44:25–53. doi:10.​1016/​j.​jsg.​2012.​07.​010 CrossRef
  Wong T-f, David C, Zhu W (1997) The transition from brittle faulting to cataclastic flow in porous sandstones: mechanical deformation. Solid Earth 102:3009–3025. doi:10.​1029/​96JB03281
  Woods AW, Koyaguchi T (1994) Transitions between explosive and effusive eruptions of silicic magmas. Nature 370:641–644. doi:10.​1038/​370641a0 CrossRef
  Yokoo A, Iguchi M, Tameguri T, Yamamoto K (2013) Processes prior to outbursts of vulcanian eruption at Showa Crater of Sakurajima Volcano. Bull Volcanol Soc Japan 58:163–181
  Young NK, Gottsmann J (2015) Shallow crustal mechanics from volumetric strain data: Insights from Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat. J Geophys Res: Solid Earth 120(3):1559–1571CrossRef
  Zhu W, Baud P, T-f W (2010) Micromechanics of cataclastic pore collapse in limestone. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 115:B4. doi:10.​1029/​2009JB006610
  Zhu W, Baud P, Vinciguerra S, Wong TF (2011) Micromechanics of brittle faulting and cataclastic flow in Alban Hills tuff. J Geophys Res 116:B06209. doi:10.​01029/​02010JB008046
  
• 作者单位：Jamie Farquharson (1)
  Michael J. Heap (1)
  Patrick Baud (1)
  Thierry Reuschlé (1)
  Nick R. Varley (2)
  
  1. Laboratoire de Déformation des Roches, Équipe de Géophysique Expérimentale, Institut de Physique de Globe de Strasbourg (UMR 7516 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg/EOST), 5 rue René Descartes, 67084, Strasbourg cedex, France
  2. Facultad de Ciencias, University of Colima, Colima, 28045, Mexico
  
• 刊物主题：Geology; Geophysics/Geodesy; Mineralogy; Sedimentology;
• 出版者：Springer Berlin Heidelberg
• ISSN：1432-0819

文摘

The failure mode of porous rock in compression—dilatant or compactant—is largely governed by the overlying lithostatic pressure and the pressure of pore fluids within the rock (Wong, Solid Earth 102:3009–3025, 1997), both of which are subject to change in space and time within a volcanic edifice. While lithostatic pressure will tend to increase monotonously with depth due to the progressive accumulation of erupted products, pore pressures are prone to fluctuations (during periods of volcanic unrest, for example). An increase in pore fluid pressure can result in rock fracture, even at depths where the lithostatic pressure would otherwise preclude such dilatant behaviour—a process termed pore fluid-induced embrittlement. We explore this phenomenon through a series of targeted triaxial experiments on typical edifice-forming andesites (from Volcán de Colima, Mexico). We first show that increasing pore pressure over a range of timescales (on the order of 1 min to 1 day) can culminate in brittle failure of otherwise intact rock. Irrespective of the pore pressure increase rate, we record comparable accelerations in acoustic emission and strain prior to macroscopic failure. We further show that oscillating pore fluid pressures can cause iterative and cumulative damage, ultimately resulting in brittle failure under relatively low effective mean stress conditions. We find that macroscopic failure occurs once a critical threshold of damage is surpassed, suggesting that only small increases in pore pressure may be necessary to trigger failure in previously damaged rocks. Finally, we observe that inelastic compaction of volcanic rock (as we may expect in much of the deep edifice) can be overprinted by shear fractures due to this mechanism of embrittlement. Pore fluid-induced embrittlement of edifice rock during volcanic unrest is anticipated to be highest closer to the conduit and, as a result, may assist in the development of a fractured halo zone surrounding the conduit, potentially explaining commonly observed near-conduit outgassing at many active volcanoes. Further, rock embrittlement at depth may create transient outgassing pathways by linking fracture networks near the edifice to larger-scale regional fault systems. Our experimental results affirm that pore pressure fluctuations associated with volcanic unrest may play a crucial role in dictating the evolution of a volcanic system.