The investigation of static and dynamic capillary by water absorption in porous building stones under normal and salty water conditions

详细信息    查看全文

• 作者：Mustafa Yavuz Çelik ; Ahmet Uğur Kaçmaz
• 关键词：Water absorption ; Capillary ; Building stones ; Tuff ; Andesite
• 刊名：Environmental Earth Sciences
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：February 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：75
• 期：4
• 全文大小：4,692 KB
• 参考文献：Angeli M, Bigas JP, Menendez B, Hébert R, David C (2006) Influence of capillary properties and evaporation on salt weathering of sedimentary rocks. In: Fort R, Alvarez de Buergo M, Gomez-Heras M, Vazquez-Calvo C (eds) Heritage, weathering and conservation. Taylor & Francis/Balkema, AK Leiden, The Netherlands, pp 253–259
  Arnold A (1982) Rising damp and saline minerals. In: Gauri KL, Gwinn JA (eds) Fourth international congress on the deterioration and preservation of stone objects. University of Louisville, Louisville, pp 11–28
  Arnold A, Kueng A (1985) Crystallization and habits of salt efflorescences on walls I: methods of investigation and habits. In: Félix G (ed) Proceedings of the fifth international congress on deterioration and conservation of stone, 25–27 September 1985, Lausanne. Presses polytechniques romandes, Lausanne, pp 255–267
  Beck K, Al-Mukhatar M, Rozenbaum O, Rautureau N (2003) Characterization, water transfer properties and deterioration in tuffeau: building material in the Loire valley, France. Build Environ 38:1151–1162CrossRef
  Chabas A, Jeannette D (2001) Weathering of marbles and granites in marine environment: petrophysical properties and special role of atmospheric salts. Environ Geol 40(3):359–368CrossRef
  Franzen C, Mirwald PW (2004) Moisture content of natural stone: static and dynamic equilibrium with atmospheric humidity. Environ Geol 46:391–401CrossRef
  Franzen C, Mirwald PW (2009) Moisture sorption behaviour of salt mixtures in porous stone. Chem Erde Geochem 69:91–98CrossRef
  Géraud Y, Surma F, Mazerolle F (2003) Porosity and fluid characterization of granite by capillary wetting using X-ray computed tomography. In: Mess F, Swennen R, Van Geet M, Jacobs P (eds) Applications of X-ray computed tomography in the geosciences. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, vol 215, pp 95–105
  Graue B, Siegesmund S, Middendorf B (2011) Quality assessment of replacement stones for the Cologne Cathedral: mineralogical and petrophysical requirements. Environ Earth Sci 63:1799–1822CrossRef
  Guruprasad B, Ragupathy A, Badrinarayanan TS, Rajkumar KB (2012) The stress impact on mechanical properties of rocks in hydro fracturing technique. IJEST 4(2):571–580
  Hall C, Hoff, WD (2012) Water transport in brick, stone and concrete, 2nd edn. Taylor & Francis, London and New York, CRC Press, p 362
  Hoffmann D, Niesel K (1992) Pore structure of rendering as a feature of its weathering. In: 7th international congress on the deterioration and conservation of stone, Lisbon, pp 611–620
  Iñigo AC, Vicente MA, Rives V (2000) Weathering and decay of granitic rocks: its relation to their pore network. Mech Mater 32:555–560CrossRef
  Ioannou I, Andreou A, Tsikouras B, Hatzipanagiotou K (2009) Application of the sharp front model to capillary absorption in a vuggy limestone. Eng Geol 105:20–23CrossRef
  Jeannette D (1997) Importance of the pore structures during the weathering process of stones in monuments. In: Paquet H, Clauer N (eds) Soils and sediments, mineralogy and geochemistry. Springer, Berlin, pp 177–190CrossRef
  Karoglou M, Moropoulou A, Giakoumaki A, Krokida MK (2005) Capillary rise kinetics of some building materials. J Colloid Interface Sci 284:260–264CrossRef
  Klopfer H (1985) Feuchte. In: Lutz P et al (eds) Lehrbuch der Bauphysik. Teubner, Stuttgart, pp 329–472
  Kovacs T (2009) Durability of crystalline monumental stones in terms of their petrophysical characteristics. Dissertation, Università di Bologna
  Lazzarini L, Antonelli F, Cancelliere S, Conventi A (2008) The deterioration of Euganean trachyte in Venice. In: 11th International congress deterioration and conservation of stone. Nicolaus Copernicus University Torun, Poland, pp 153–162
  Le Bas MJ, Streckeisen AL (1991) The IUGS systematics of igneous rocks. J Geol Soc Lond 148:825–833CrossRef
  Le Bas MJ, Le Maitre RW, Woolley AR (1992) The construction of the total alkali-silica chemical classification of volcanic rocks. Mineral Petrol 46:1–22CrossRef
  Moreno F, Vilela SAG, Antunes ÂSG, Alves CAS (2006) Capillary-rising salt pollution and granitic stone erosive decay in the parish church of Torre de Moncorvo (NE Portugal)-implications for conservation strategy. J Cult Herit 7(1):56–66CrossRef
  Mosquera MJ, Rivas T, Priet B, Silva B (2000) Capillary rise in granitic rocks: interpretation of kinetics on the basis of pore structure. J Colloid Interface Sci 222:41–45CrossRef
  Nicholson DT (2001) Pore properties as indicators of breakdown mechanisms in experimentally weathered limestones. Earth Surf Proc Landf 26:819–838CrossRef
  Ordoñez S, Fort R, García del Cura MA (1997) Pore size distribution and the durability of a porous limestone. Q J Eng Geol 30:221–230CrossRef
  Peruzzi R, Poli T, Toniolo L (2003) The experimental test for the evaluation of protective treatments: a critical survey of the ‘capillary absorption index’. J Cult Herit 4:251–254CrossRef
  Peters RR, Klavetter EA, George JT (2001) Measuring and modeling water imbibition into tuff. In: Evans DD et al (ed) Flow and transport through unsaturated fractured rock, Geophys Monogr Ser, vol 42, 2nd edn. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, pp 75–86
  Prikryl R, Torok A (2010) Natural stones for monuments: their availability for restoration and evaluation. In: Prikryl R, Torok A (eds) Natural stone resources for historical monuments. Geological Society, vol 333, London, Special Publications, pp 1–9
  Sengun N, Demirdag S, Akbay D, Ugur I, Altindag R, Akbulut A (2014) Investigation of the relationships between capillary water absorption coefficients and other rock properties of some natural stones, V. Global Stone Congress, 22–25 Oct 2014, Antalya/Türkiye
  Sidraba I, Normandin KC, Cultrone G, Scheffler MJ (2004) Climatological and regional weathering of Roman travertine. In: Proceedings of the international conference lux lapis (light and stone) 2002 architectural and sculptural stone in cultural landscape. Charles University in Praque, The Karolinum Press, Praque, pp 211–228
  Siegesmund S, Dürrast H (2011) Physical and mechanical properties of rocks. In: Siegesmund S, Snethlage R (eds) Stone in architecture, 4th edn. Springer, Berlin, pp 97–225CrossRef
  Theoulakis P, Moropoulou A (1988) Mechanism of deterioration of the sandstone of the Medieval city and the castle of Rhodes. In: Proceedings of the 6 international congress on deterioration and conservation of stone, Torun
  Theoulakis P, Moropoulou A (1999) Salt crystal growth as weathering mechanism of porous stone on historic masonry. J Porous Mater 6(4):345–358CrossRef
  Tomašić I, Lukić D, Peček N, Kršinić A (2011) Dynamics of capillary water absorption in natural stone. Bull Eng Geol Environ 70:673–680CrossRef
  TS EN 13755 (2009) Natural stone test methods—determination of water absorption at atmospheric pressure. Turkish Standards Institute, Ankara, Turkey, p 10
  TS EN 14579 (2006) Natural stone test methods—determination of sound speed propagation. Turkish Standards Institute, Ankara, Turkey, p 14
  TS EN 1925 (2000) Natural stone test methods—Determination of water absorption coefficient by capillarity. Turkish Standards Institute, Ankara, Turkey, p 10
  TS EN 1926 (2007) Natural stone test methods—determination of uniaxial compressive strength. Turkish Standards Institute, Ankara, Turkey, p 19
  TS EN 1936 (2010) Natural stone test methods—determination of real density and apparent density and of total and open porosity. Turkish Standards Institute, Ankara, Turkey, p 10
  Valdeón L, Esbert RM, Grossi CM (1992) Hydric properties of some Spanish building stones: a petrophysical interpretation. In: Proceedings of the symposium of materials research society, vol 267. Materials Research Society, pp 911–916
  Vázquez P, Alonso FJ, Esbert RM, Ordaz J (2010) Ornamental granites: relationships between p-waves velocity, water capillary absorption and the crack network. Constr Build Mater 24:2536–2541CrossRef
  Washburn EW (1921) The dynamics of capillary flow. Phys Rev 17:273–283CrossRef
  Wedekind W, López-Doncel R, Dohrmann R, Kocher M, Siegesmund S (2013) Weathering of volcanic tuff rocks caused by moisture expansion. Environ Earth Sci 69:1203–1224CrossRef
  Winkler EM (1997) Stone in architecture: properties durability, 3rd edn. Springer, BerlinCrossRef
  
• 作者单位：Mustafa Yavuz Çelik (1)
  Ahmet Uğur Kaçmaz (2)
  
  1. Afyon Vocational School, Afyon Kocatepe University, Ali Çetinkaya Kampusü, 03100, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
  2. Department of Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Afyon Kocatepe University, ANS Campus, 03200, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
  
• 刊物类别：Earth and Environmental Science
• 刊物主题：None Assigned
• 出版者：Springer Berlin Heidelberg
• ISSN：1866-6299

文摘

The presence of water in building stones is one of the main factors in deterioration. Capillary rise is the most usual mechanism of water penetration into building materials. In this study, the kinetics of the capillary rise phenomenon was studied for three porous building stones: two tuff stones and andesite. For each of the examined natural stones the capillary water absorption, pore size distribution, mineralogical–petrographic (optical microscope, XRD, SEM), chemical (XRF) and mechanical–physical properties were determined. The mechanism of capillary water absorption depends mainly on the pore size and the shape of the pore system. The pore size distribution was determined by means of high pressure mercury porosimetry. İscehisar andesite, Ayazini tuffs and Seydiler tuffs have pore sizes ranging from about 0.01 to 10, 0.01 to 20 and 0.01 to 4 µm, respectively. The capillary water absorption of the building stones was determined on the basis of TS EN 1925. The effects were analyzed with a static and dynamic capillary by water absorption under normal and salty water conditions of porous building stones. Water content was determined by weighing after 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 480, 1440 min until the free saturation was reached and the liquid uptake stopped. The results indicated considerable differences in the water absorption shown as a function of elapsed time. NaCl crystals are observed under SEM in pores and surface of the tested stones. According to the results, capillary absorption of salty water value is bigger than pure water in all stones at the end of test. It could be shown that primarily moisture properties, i.e., capillary and sorptive water uptake and salt crystallisation can be addressed to the deterioration processes. Keywords Water absorption Capillary Building stones Tuff Andesite