The Book of Lord Shang Compared with Machiavelli and Hobbes

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• 作者：Markus Fischer (1)
  
• 关键词：Book of Lord Shang ; Machiavelli ; Hobbes ; Political realism
• 刊名：Dao
• 出版年：2012
• 出版时间：June 2012
• 年：2012
• 卷：11
• 期：2
• 页码：201-221
• 全文大小：283KB
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• 作者单位：Markus Fischer (1)
  
  1. Department of Liberal Studies, California State University, Fullerton, P.O. Box 6850, Fullerton, CA, 92834-6850, USA
  

文摘

This essay argues that political realism is an effective heuristic for understanding The Book of Lord Shang (Shangjun Shu , which it compares to the political thought of Machiavelli and Hobbes. It first lays out the premises of political realism as they emerge from this comparison: the real is the guiding heuristic of political realism; historical change is the fundamental condition; the nature of human beings is selfish but can also form customs favorable to political order. Based on these premises, the essay then discusses the major propositions of political realism: the purpose of central authority is to provide the multitude with the benefits of order and to reward the ruler; the benefits of order warrant the commission of cruel deeds, also called the reason of state in the West; legal and extra-legal actions are the means by which the central authority imposes order and counters contingency; punishment is the primary means to make the laws prevail. The essay closes with considering the question of whether a fully implemented realist order could put an end to historical change.