Is gaze following purely reflexive or goal-directed instead? Revisiting the automaticity of orienting attention by gaze cues
详细信息 查看全文
- 作者：Paola Ricciardelli (1)
Samuele Carcagno (2)
Giuseppe Vallar (1) (3)
Emanuela Bricolo (1) - 关键词：Eye movements ; Joint attention ; Gaze following ; Goal ; driven and stimulus ; driven attention
- 刊名：Experimental Brain Research
- 出版年：2013
- 出版时间：January 2013
- 年：2013
- 卷：224
- 期：1
- 页码：93-106
- 全文大小：518KB
- 参考文献：1. Bacon W, Egeth H (1994) Overriding stimulus-driven attentional capture. Atten Percept Psycho 55:485-96 CrossRef
2. Baron-Cohen S (1995) Mindblindness: an essay on autism and theory of mind. MIT Press, Cambridge
3. Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Hill JJ, Raste Y, Plumb I (2001) The “reading the mind in the eyes-test revised version: a study with normal adults, and adults with asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. J Child Psychol Psych 42:241-51 CrossRef
4. Bates AT, Patel TP, Liddle PF (2005) External behavior monitoring mirrors internal behavior monitoring. J Psychophysiol 19:281-88 CrossRef
5. Bayliss AP, Frischen A, Fenske MJ, Tipper SP (2007) Affective evaluations of objects are influenced by observed gaze direction and emotional expression. Cognition 104:644-53 CrossRef
6. Bayliss AP, Schuch S, Tipper SP (2010) Gaze cueing elicited by emotional faces is influenced by affective context. Vis Cogn 18:1214-232 CrossRef
7. Bekkering H, Wohlschl?ger A, Gattis M (2000) Imitation of gestures in children is goal-directed. Q J Exp Psychol A 53:153-64
8. Birmingham E, Bischof WF, Kingstone A (2009) Saliency does not account for fixations to eyes within social scenes. Vis Res 49:2992-000 CrossRef
9. B?ckler A, Knoblich G, Sebanz N (2011) Observing shared attention modulates gaze following. Cognition 120:292-98 CrossRef
10. Brignani D, Guzzon D, Marzi CA, Miniussi C (2009) Attentional orienting induced by arrows and eye-gaze compared with an endogenous cue. Neuropsychologia 47:370-81 CrossRef
11. Brooks R, Meltzoff AN (2002) The importance of eyes: how infants interpret adult looking behavior. Dev Psychol 38:958-66 CrossRef
12. Brooks R, Meltzoff AN (2005) The development of gaze following and its relation to language. Dev Sci 8:535-43 CrossRef
13. Butterworth G, Jarrett N (1991) What minds have in common is space: spatial mechanisms serving joint visual attention in infancy. Br J Dev Psychol 9:55-2 CrossRef
14. Castiello U (2003) Understanding other people’s actions: intention and attention. J Exp Psychol Human 29:416-30 CrossRef
15. Comparetti CM, Pavone EF, Bricolo E, Ricciardelli P (2010) Conflict monitoring processes in joint attention: electrophysiological correlates of automatic gaze-following processes. Perception 39(suppl):82
16. Corbetta M, Shulman GL (2002) Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 3:201-15 CrossRef
17. Corbetta M, Patel G, Shulman GL (2008) The reorienting system of the human brain: from environment to theory of mind. Neuron 58:306-24 CrossRef
18. Crostella F, Carducci F, Aglioti S (2009) Reflexive social attention is mapped according to effector-specific reference systems. Exp Brain Res 197:143-51 CrossRef
19. Driver J, Davis G, Ricciardelli P, Kidd P, Maxwell E, Baron-Cohen S (1999) Gaze perception triggers reflexive visuospatial orienting. Vis Cogn 6:509-40 CrossRef
20. Emery NJ (2000) The eyes have it: the neuroethology, function and evolution of social gaze. Neurosci Biobehav R 24:581-04 CrossRef
21. Fogassi L, Ferrari PF, Gesierich B, Rozzi S, Chersi F, Rizzolatti G (2005) Parietal lobe: from action organization to intention understanding. Science 308:662-67 CrossRef
22. Friesen C, Kingstone A (1998) The eyes have it! Reflexive orienting is triggered by nonpredictive gaze. Psychon B Rev 5:490-95 CrossRef
23. Frischen A, Bayliss AP, Tipper SP (2007) Gaze cueing of attention: visual attention, social cognition, and individual differences. Psychol Bull 133:694-24 CrossRef
24. Gallese V, Fadiga L, Fogassi L, Rizzolatti G (1996) Action recognition in the premotor cortex. Brain 119:593-09 CrossRef
25. Gallese V, Fadiga L, Fogassi L, Rizzolatti G (2002) Action representation and the inferior parietal lobule. In: Prinz W, Hommel B (eds) Common mechanisms in perception and action attention and performance, vol 19. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 247-66
26. Gazzola V, van der Worp H, Mulder T, Wicker B, Rizzolatti G, Keysers C (2007) Aplasics born without hands mirror the goal of hand actions with their feet. Curr Biol 17:1235-240 CrossRef
27. Gibson BS, Kelsey EM (1998) Stimulus-driven attentional capture is contingent on attentional set for display wide visual features. J Exp Psychol Human 24:699-06 CrossRef
28. Greene D, Mooshagian E, Kaplan J, Zaidel E, Iacoboni M (2009) The neural correlates of social attention: automatic orienting to social and nonsocial cues. Psychol Res 73:499-11 CrossRef
29. Grosbras M, Laird A, Paus T (2005) Cortical regions involved in gaze production, attention shifts and gaze perception. Hum Brain Mapp 25:140-54 CrossRef
30. Hamilton A, Grafton S (2006) Goal representation in human anterior intraparietal sulcus. J Neurosci 26:1133-137 CrossRef
31. Hermens F, Walker R (2010) Gaze and arrow distractors influence saccade trajectories similarly. Q J Expl Psychol 63:2120-140 CrossRef
32. Hietanen JK (1999) Does your gaze direction and head orientation shift my visual attention? NeuroReport 10:3443-447 CrossRef
33. Hietanen J (2002) Social attention orienting integrates visual information from head and body orientation. Psychol Res 66:174-79 CrossRef
34. Hietanen JK, Nummenmaa L, Nyman MJ, Parkkola R, H?m?l?inen H (2006) Automatic attention orienting by social and symbolic cues activates different neural networks: an fMRI study. NeuroImage 33:406-13 CrossRef
35. Holm S (1979) A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Scand J Stat 6:65-0
36. Hood BM, Willen JD, Driver J (1998) Adult’s eye trigger shifts of visual attention in human infants. Psychol Sci 9:53-6 CrossRef
37. Hooker CI, Paller KA, Gitelman DR, Parrish TB, Mesulam MM, Reber PJ (2003) Brain networks for analyzing eye gaze. Cogn Brain Res 17:406-18 CrossRef
38. Iacoboni M, Molnar-Szakacs I, Gallese V, Buccino G, Mazziotta J, Rizzolatti G (2005) Grasping the intentions of others with one’s own mirror neuron system. PLoS Biol 3:E79 CrossRef
39. Itier RJ, Villate C, Ryan JD (2007) Eyes always attract attention but gaze orienting is task-dependent: evidence from eye movement monitoring. Neuropsychologia 45:1019-028 CrossRef
40. Johnson S, Slaughter V, Carey S (1998) Whose gaze will infants follow? The elicitation of gaze-following in 12-month-olds. Dev Sci 1:233-38 CrossRef
41. Koval M, Thomas B, Everling S (2005) Task-dependent effects of social attention on saccadic reaction times. Exp Brain Res 167:475-80 CrossRef
42. Kuhn G, Kingstone A (2009) Look away! Eyes and arrows engage oculomotor responses automatically. Atten Percept Psycho 71:314-27 CrossRef
43. Kuhn G, Tipples J (2011) Increased gaze following for fearful faces. It depends on what you’re looking for! Psychon B Rev 18:89-5
44. Kuhn G, Tatler BW, Cole GG (2009) You look where I look! Effect of gaze cues on overt and covert attention in misdirection. Vis Cogn 17:925-44 CrossRef
45. Nummenmaa L, Hietanen JK (2006) Gaze distractors influence saccadic curvature: evidence for the role of the oculomotor system in gaze-cued orienting. Vis Res 46:3674-680 CrossRef
46. Nummenmaa L, Hy?n? J, Hietanen JK (2009) I’ll walk this way: eyes reveal the direction of locomotion and make passers-by to look and go the other way. Psychol Sci 20:1454-458 CrossRef
47. Olejnik S, Algina J (2003) Generalized eta and omega squared statistics: measures of effect size for some common research designs. Psychol Methods 8:434-47 CrossRef
48. Pashler H, Harris C (2001) Spontaneous allocation of visual attention: dominant role of uniqueness. Psychon B Rev 8:747-52 CrossRef
49. Pelphrey KA, Singerman JD, Allison T, McCarthy G (2003) Brain activation evoked by perception of gaze shifts: the influence of context. Neuropsychologia 41:156-70 CrossRef
50. Pelphrey KA, Morris JP, McCarthy G (2004) Grasping the intentions of others: the perceived intentionality of an action influences activity in the superior temporal sulcus during social perception. J Cogn Neurosci 16:1706-716 CrossRef
51. Pierno AC, Becchio C, Wall MB, Smith AT, Turella L, Castiello U (2006) When gaze turns into grasp. J Cogn Neurosci 18:2130-137 CrossRef
52. Pierno AC, Becchio C, Turella L, Tubaldi F, Castiello U (2008) Observing social interactions: the effect of gaze. Soc Neurosci 3:51-9 CrossRef
53. Ricciardelli P, Bricolo E, Aglioti SM, Chelazzi L (2002) My eyes want to look where your eyes are looking: exploring the tendency to imitate another individual’s gaze. NeuroReport 13:2259-264 CrossRef
54. Ricciardelli P, Betta E, Pruner S, Turatto M (2009) Is there a direct link between gaze perception and joint attention behaviours? Effects of gaze contrast polarity on oculomotor behaviour. Exp Brain Res 194:347-57 CrossRef
55. Rizzolatti G, Craighero L (2004) The mirror-neuron system. Annu Rev Neurosci 27(169):192
56. Rizzolatti G, Riggio L, Dascola I, Umiltà C (1987) Reorienting attention across the horizontal and vertical meridians: evidence in favor of a premotor theory of attention. Neuropsychologia 25:31-0 CrossRef
57. Scaife M, Bruner JS (1975) The capacity for joint attention in the infant. Nature 253:265-66 CrossRef
58. Senju A, Csibra G (2008) Gaze following in human infants depends on communicative signals. Curr Biol 18:668-71 CrossRef
59. Shultz S, Lee SM, Pelphrey K, McCarthy G (2011) The posterior superior temporal sulcus is sensitive to the outcome of human and non-human goal-directed actions. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 6:602-11 CrossRef
60. Tipper CM, Handy TC, Giesbrecht B, Kingstone A (2008) Brain responses to biological relevance. J Cogn Neurosci 20:879-91 CrossRef
61. Vecera SP, Rizzo M (2006) Eye gaze does not produce reflexive shifts of attention: evidence from frontal-lobe damage. Neuropsychologia 44:150-59 CrossRef
62. Wohlschl?ger A, Bekkering H (2002) Is human imitation based on a mirror-neuron system? Some behavioural evidence. Exp Brain Res 143:335-41 CrossRef
63. Yantis S, Egeth HE (1999) On the distinction between visual salience and stimulus-driven attentional capture. J Exp Psychol Human 25:661-76 CrossRef - 作者单位：Paola Ricciardelli (1)
Samuele Carcagno (2)
Giuseppe Vallar (1) (3)
Emanuela Bricolo (1)
1. Psychology Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Edificio U6, Piazza dell’Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
2. Univ. Bordeaux and CNRS, INCIA, Bordeaux, France
3. IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy - ISSN：1432-1106
文摘
Distracting gaze has been shown to elicit automatic gaze following. However, it is still debated whether the effects of perceived gaze are a simple automatic spatial orienting response or are instead sensitive to the context (i.e. goals and task demands). In three experiments, we investigated the conditions under which gaze following occurs. Participants were instructed to saccade towards one of two lateral targets. A face distracter, always present in the background, could gaze towards: (a) a task-relevant target–-“matching-goal-directed gaze shift)––congruent or incongruent with the instructed direction, (b) a task-irrelevant target, orthogonal to the one instructed (“non-matching-goal-directed gaze shift), or (c) an empty spatial location (no-goal-directed gaze shift). Eye movement recordings showed faster saccadic latencies in correct trials in congruent conditions especially when the distracting gaze shift occurred before the instruction to make a saccade. Interestingly, while participants made a higher proportion of gaze-following errors (i.e. errors in the direction of the distracting gaze) in the incongruent conditions when the distracter’s gaze shift preceded the instruction onset indicating an automatic gaze following, they never followed the distracting gaze when it was directed towards an empty location or a stimulus that was never the target. Taken together, these findings suggest that gaze following is likely to be a product of both automatic and goal-driven orienting mechanisms.