Emerging Brain Morphologies from Axonal Elongation

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• 作者：Maria A. Holland ; Kyle E. Miller ; Ellen Kuhl
• 关键词：Neuromechanics ; Brain development ; Cortical folding ; Mechanotransduction ; Growth ; Symmetry breaking
• 刊名：Annals of Biomedical Engineering
• 出版年：2015
• 出版时间：July 2015
• 年：2015
• 卷：43
• 期：7
• 页码：1640-1653
• 全文大小：3,974 KB
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• 作者单位：Maria A. Holland (1)
  Kyle E. Miller (2)
  Ellen Kuhl (3)
  
  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
  2. Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
  3. Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering, and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
  
• 刊物类别：Biomedical and Life Sciences
• 刊物主题：Biomedicine
  Biomedicine
  Biomedical Engineering
  Biophysics and Biomedical Physics
  Mechanics
  Biochemistry
  
• 出版者：Springer Netherlands
• ISSN：1573-9686

文摘

Understanding the characteristic morphology of our brain remains a challenging, yet important task in human evolution, developmental biology, and neurosciences. Mathematical modeling shapes our understanding of cortical folding and provides functional relations between cortical wavelength, thickness, and stiffness. Yet, current mathematical models are phenomenologically isotropic and typically predict non-physiological, periodic folding patterns. Here we establish a mechanistic model for cortical folding, in which macroscopic changes in white matter volume are a natural consequence of microscopic axonal growth. To calibrate our model, we consult axon elongation experiments in chick sensory neurons. We demonstrate that a single parameter, the axonal growth rate, explains a wide variety of in vitro conditions including immediate axonal thinning and gradual thickness restoration. We embed our axonal growth model into a continuum model for brain development using axonal orientation distributions motivated by diffusion spectrum imaging. Our simulations suggest that white matter anisotropy—as an emergent property from directional axonal growth—intrinsically induces symmetry breaking, and predicts more physiological, less regular morphologies with regionally varying gyral wavelengths and sulcal depths. Mechanistic modeling of brain development could establish valuable relationships between brain connectivity, brain anatomy, and brain function.