Towards a Better Prediction of Peak Concentration, Volume of Distribution and Half-Life after Oral Drug Administration in Man, Using Allometry

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• 作者：Dr Vikash K. Sinha (1)
  Karin Vaarties (2)
  Stefan S. De Buck (3)
  Luca. A. Fenu (4)
  Marjoleen Nijsen (5)
  Ron A. H. J. Gilissen (2)
  Wendy Sanderson (6)
  Kelly Van Uytsel (7)
  Eva Hoeben (1)
  Achiel Van Peer (1)
  Claire E. Mackie (2)
  Johan W. Smit (1)
  
• 刊名：Clinical Pharmacokinetics
• 出版年：2011
• 出版时间：May 2011
• 年：2011
• 卷：50
• 期：5
• 页码：307-318
• 全文大小：189KB
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• 作者单位：Dr Vikash K. Sinha (1)
  Karin Vaarties (2)
  Stefan S. De Buck (3)
  Luca. A. Fenu (4)
  Marjoleen Nijsen (5)
  Ron A. H. J. Gilissen (2)
  Wendy Sanderson (6)
  Kelly Van Uytsel (7)
  Eva Hoeben (1)
  Achiel Van Peer (1)
  Claire E. Mackie (2)
  Johan W. Smit (1)
  
  1. Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen Research and Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
  2. Discovery ADME-TOX Department, Janssen Research and Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
  3. Clinical Pharmacology, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
  4. Department of Pharmacy, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
  5. DMPK-BA, Development Sciences, Abbott Laboratories, Lake Bluff, Illinois, USA
  6. Enabling Technologies, Janssen Research and Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
  7. DMPK, Janssen Research and Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
  
• ISSN：1179-1926

文摘

Background: It is imperative that new drugs demonstrate adequate pharmacokinetic properties, allowing an optimal safety margin and convenient dosing regimens in clinical practice, which then lead to better patient compliance. Such pharmacokinetic properties include suitable peak (maximum) plasma drug concentration (Cmax), area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and a suitable half-life (t1/2). The Cmax and t1/2 following oral drug administration are functions of the oral clearance (CL/F) and apparent volume of distribution during the terminal phase by the oral route (Vz/F), each of which may be predicted and combined to estimate Cmax and t1/2. Allometric scaling is a widely used methodology in the pharmaceutical industry to predict human pharmacokinetic parameters such as clearance and volume of distribution. In our previous published work, we have evaluated the use of allometry for prediction of CL/F and AUC. In this paper we describe the evaluation of different allometric scaling approaches for the prediction of Cmax, Vz/F and t 1/2 after oral drug administration in man. Methods: Twenty-nine compounds developed at Janssen Research and Development (a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV), covering a wide range of physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties, were selected. The Cmax following oral dosing of a compound was predicted using (i) simple allometry alone; (ii) simple allometry along with correction factors such as plasma protein binding (PPB), maximum life-span potential or brain weight (reverse rule of exponents, unbound Cmax approach); and (iii) an indirect approach using allometrically predicted CL/F and Vz/F and absorption rate constant (ka). The ka was estimated from (i) in vivo pharmacokinetic experiments in preclinical species; and (ii) predicted effective permeability in man (Peff), using a Caco-2 permeability assay. The Vz/F was predicted using allometric scaling with or without PPB correction. The t1/2 was estimated from the allometrically predicted parameters CL/F and Vz/F. Predictions were deemed adequate when errors were within a 2-fold range. Results: Cmax and t1/2 could be predicted within a 2-fold error range for 59% and 66% of the tested compounds, respectively, using allometrically predicted CL/F and Vz/F. The best predictions for Cmax were obtained when ka values were calculated from the Caco-2 permeability assay. The Vz/F was predicted within a 2-fold error range for 72% of compounds when PPB correction was applied as the correction factor for scaling. Conclusions: We conclude that (i) Cmax and t1/2 are best predicted by indirect scaling approaches (using allometrically predicted CL/F and Vz/F and accounting for ka derived from permeability assay); and (ii) the PPB is an important correction factor for the prediction of Vz/F by using allometric scaling. Furthermore, additional work is warranted to understand the mechanisms governing the processes underlying determination of Cmax so that the empirical approaches can be fine-tuned further.