HIV, metabolic syndrome X, inflammation, oxidative stress, and coronary heart disease risk
详细信息 查看全文
- 作者：Barry E. Hurwitz PhD (1) (2) (3)
Nancy G. Klimas (1) (4)
Maria M. Llabre (1) (2)
Kevin J. Maher (1) (4)
Jay S. Skyler (1) (3)
Martin S. Bilsker (1) (5)
Shvawn McPherson-Baker (1) (4)
Peter J. Lawrence (1)
Arthur R. LaPerriere (1) (6)
Jeffrey M. Greeson (2)
Johanna R. Klaus (2)
Rasha Lawrence (1)
Neil Schneiderman (1) (2) (3) (6) - 关键词：HIV/AIDS ; HAART ; coronary heart disease risk ; metabolic syndrome X ; inflammation ; oxidative stress
- 刊名：Cardiovascular Toxicology
- 出版年：2004
- 出版时间：September 2004
- 年：2004
- 卷：4
- 期：3
- 页码：303-315
- 全文大小：223KB
- 参考文献：1. Vigouroux, C., Gharakhanian, S., Salhi, Y., Nguyen, T. H., Adda, N., Rozenbaum, W., et al. (1999). Adverse metabolic disorders during highly active antiretroviral treatments (HAART) of HIV disease. / Diabetes Metab 25:383-92.
2. John, M., Nolan, D., and Mallal, S. (2001). Antiretroviral therapy and the lipodystrophy syndrome. / Antivir. Ther. 6:9-0.
3. Nolan, D. and Mallal, S. (2001). Getting to the HAART of insulin resistance. / AIDS 15:2037-041. CrossRef
4. Reaven, G.M. (1995). Pathophysiology of insulin resistance in human disease. / Physiol. Rev. 75:473-86.
5. Schneiderman, N. and Skyler, J.S. (1996). Insulin metabolism, sympathetic nervous system regulation, and coronary heart disease prevention, in / Behavioral Medicine Approaches to Cardiovascular Disease Prevention (Orth-Gomer, K. and Schneiderman, N., eds.), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, pp. 105-33.
6. Dube, M.P., Sprecher, D., Henry, W.K., Aberg, J.A., Torriani, F.J., Hodis, H.N., et al. (2000). Preliminary guidelines for the evaluation and management of dyslipidemia in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus and receiving antiretroviral therapy: recommendations of the Adult AIDS Clinical Trial Group Cardiovascular Disease Focus Group. / Clin. Infect. Dis. 31:1216-224. CrossRef
7. Hadigan, C., Meigs, J.B., Corcoran, C., Rietschel, P., Piecuch, S., Basgoz, N., et al. (2001). Metabolic abnormalities and cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection and lipodystrophy. / Clin. Infect. Dis. 32:130-39. CrossRef
8. Mynarcik, D.C., McNurlan, M.A., Steigbigel, R.T., Fuhrer, J., and Gelato, M.C. (2000). Association of severe insulin resistance with both loss of limb fat and elevated serum tumor necrosis factor receptor levels in HIV lipodystrophy. / J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 25:312-21. CrossRef
9. Ross, R. (1999). Atherosclerosis—an inflammatory disease. / N. Engl. J. Med. 340:115-26. CrossRef
10. Dinarello, C.A. (1989). Interleukin-1 and its biologically related cytokines. / Adv. Immunol. 44:153-05.
11. Aldhahi, W. and Hamdy, O. (2003). Adipokines, inflammation, and the endothelium in diabetes. / Curr. Diab. Rep. 3:293-98. CrossRef
12. Birks, E.J. and Yacoub, M.H. (1997). The role of nitric oxide and cytokines in heart failure. / Coron. Artery Dis. 8:389-02. CrossRef
13. Witztum, J.L. (1994). The oxidation hypothesis of atherosclerosis. / Lancet 344:793-98. CrossRef
14. Barbaro, G. (2001). Cardiovascular manifestations of HIV infection. / J. R. Soc. Med. 94:384-90.
15. Libby, P. and Ridker, P.M., (1999). Novel inflammatory markers of coronary risk: theory versus practice. / Circulation 100:1148-150.
16. Lagrand, W.K., Visser, C.A., Hermens, W.T., Niessen, H.W., Verheugt, F.W., Wolbink, G.J., et al. (1999). C-reactive protein as a cardiovascular risk factor: more than an epiphenomenon? / Circulation 100:96-02.
17. Ridker, P.M., Hennekens, C.H., Buring, J.E., and Rifai, N. (2000). C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. / N. Engl. J. Med. 342:836-43. CrossRef
18. Sklar, P. and Masur, H. (2003). HIV infection and cardiovascular disease—is there really a link? / N. Engl. J. Med. 349:2065-067. CrossRef
19. Mason, A.L., Lau, J.Y., Hoang, N., Qian, K., Alexander, G.J., Xu, L., et al. (1999). Association of diabetes mellitus and chronic hepatitis C virus infection. / Hepatology 29: 328-33. CrossRef
20. Ockenga, J., Tillmann, H.L., Trautwein, C., Stoll, M., Manns, M.P. and Schmidt, R.E. (1997). Hepatitis B and C in HIV-infected patients: prevalence and prognostic value. / J. Hepatol. 27:18-4. CrossRef
21. Centers for Disease Control, CDC. (1993). 1993 Revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. / JAMA 6:729-30.
22. The Florida Division of Disease Control Quarterly Surveillance Report: Bureau of HIV/AIDS. March 2002, Number 211. http://www.doh.state.fl.us/disease_ctrl/aids/trends/msr/msr.html
23. Brownley, K.A., Milanovich, J.R., Motivala, S.J., Schneiderman, N., Fillion, L., Graves, J.A., et al. (2001). Autonomic and cardiovascular function in HIV spectrum disease: early indications of cardiac pathophysiology. / Clin. Auton. Res. 11:319-26. CrossRef
24. DeFronzo, R.A., Tobin, J.D., and Andres, R. (1979). The glucose clamp technique: a method for quantifying insulin secretion and resistance. / Am. J. Physiol. 6:E214-E223.
25. Allain, C.C., Poon, L.S., Chan, C.S., Richmond, W., and Fu, P.C. (1974). Enzymatic determination of total serum cholesterol. / Clin. Chem. 20:470-75.
26. McGowan, M.W., Artiss, J.D., Strandbergh, D.R., and Zak, B. (1983). A peroxidase-coupled method for the colorimetric determination of serum triglycerides. / Clin. Chem. 29:538-42.
27. Warnick, G.R., Benderson, J., and Albers, J.J. (1982). Dextran sulfate-Mg2+ precipitation procedure for quantitation of high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol. / Clin. Chem. 28:1379-388.
28. Friedewald, W.T., Levy, R.S., and Fredrickson, D.S. (1972). Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of preparative ultracentrifuge. / Clin. Chem. 18:449-02.
29. Motivala, S.J., Hurwitz, B.E., Llabre, M.M., Klimas, N.G., Fletcher, M.A., Antoni, M.H., et al. (2003). Psychological distress is associated with decreased memory T-helper and B-cell counts in pre-AIDS HIV seropositive men and women but only in those with low viral load. / Psychosom. Med. 65:627-35. CrossRef
30. Koning, A.J. and Silk, M.H. (1963). The 2-thiobarbituric acid reagent for determination of oxidative rancidity in fish oils. / J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 40:165-69.
31. Reilly, M.P., Delanty, N., Roy, L., Rokach, J., Callaghan, P.O., Crean, P., et al. (1997). Increased formation of the isoprostanes IPF2alpha-I and 8-epi-prostaglandin F2 alpha in acute coronary angioplasty: evidence for oxidant stress during coronary reperfusion in humans. / Circulation 96:3314-320.
32. Pratico, D., Iuliano, L., Mauriello, A., Spagnoli, L., Lawson, J.A., Rokach, J., et al. (1997). Localization of distinct F2-isoprostanes in human atherosclerotic lesions. / J. Clin. Inves., 100:2028-034.
33. Gopaul, N.K., Anggard, E.E., Mallet, A.I., Betteridge, D.J., Wolff, S.P., and Nourooz-Zadeh, J. (1995). Plasma 8-epi-PGF2 alpha levels are elevated in individuals with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. / FEBS Lett. 368:225-29. CrossRef
34. Moore, K. and Roberts, L.J. (1998). Measurement of lipid peroxidation. / Free Radic. Res. 28:659-71.
35. Wilson, P.W., D’Agostino, R.B., Levy, D., Belanger, A.M., Silbershatz, H., and Kannel, W.B. (1998). Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. / Circulation 97:1837-847.
36. Assmann, G., Cullen, P., and Schulte, H. (2002). Simple scoring scheme for calculating the risk of acute coronary events based on the 10-year follow-up of the prospective cardiovascular Munster (PROCAM) study. / Circulation 105:310-15. CrossRef
37. National Cholesterol Education Program (Adult Treatment Panel III). (2001). / JAMA, 285:2486-495. CrossRef
38. Haq, I.U., Ramsay, L.E., Jackson, P.R., and Wallis, E.J. (1999). Prediction of coronary risk for primary prevention of coronary heart disease: a comparison of methods / QJM 92:379-85. CrossRef
39. Grundy, S.M., Pasternak, R., Greenland, P., Smith, S. Jr., and Fuster, V. (1999). AHA/ACC scientific statement: assessment of cardiovascular risk by use of multiple-risk-factor assessment equations: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology. / J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 34:1348-359. CrossRef
40. Hense, H.W., Schulte, H., Lowel, H., Assmann, G., and Keil, U. (2003). Framingham risk function overestimates risk of coronary heart disease in men and women from Germany—results from the MONICA Augsburg and the PROCAM cohorts. / Eur. Heart J. 24:937-45. CrossRef
41. Vittecoq, D., Escaut, L., Merad, M., Teicher, E., Monsuez, J.J., and Chironi, G. (2003). Coronary heart disease in HIV-infected individuals, in / Advances in Cardiology: HIV Infection and the Cardiovascular System (Barbaro, G., ed.). Karger, New York, pp. 151-62. CrossRef
42. Goldstein, R.Z., Hurwitz, B.E., Llabre, M.M., Schneiderman, N., Gutt, M., Skyler, J.S., et al. (2001). Modeling preclinical cardiovascular risk for use in epidemiological studies: the Miami Community Health Study. / Am. J. Epidemiol. 154:765-76. CrossRef
43. Haffner, S.M., Fong, D., Hazuda, H.P., Pugh, J.A., and Patterson, J.K. (1988). Hyperinsulinemia, upper body adiposity, and cardiovascular risk factors in non-diabetics. / Metabolism 37:338-45. CrossRef
44. Shen, B.J., Todaro, J.F., Niaura, R., McCaffery, J.M., Zhang, J., Spiro, A. III et al. (2003). Are metabolic risk factors one unified syndrome? Modeling the structure of the metabolic syndrome X. / Am. J. Epidemiol. 157:701-11. CrossRef
45. Niaura, R., Todaro, J.F., Stroud, L., Spiro, A. III, Ward, K.D., and Weiss, S. (2002). Hostility, the metabolic syndrome, and incident coronary heart disease. / Health Psychol. 21:588-93. CrossRef
46. Carr, A., Samaras, K., Burton, S., Law, M., Freund, J., Chisholm, D.J., et al. (1998). A syndrome of peripheral lipodystrophy hyperlipidaemia and insulin resistance in patients receiving HIV protease inhibitors. / AIDS 12:F37-F39. CrossRef
47. Dube, M.P., Johnson, D.L., Currier, J.S., and Leedom, J.M. (1997). Protease inhibitor-associated hyperglycemia. / Lancet 350:713-14. CrossRef
48. Meyer, L., Rabaud, C., Ziegler, O., May, T., and Drouin, P. (1998). Protease inhibitors, diabetes mellitus and blood lipids. / Diabetes Metab. 24:547-49.
49. Walli, R., Herfort, O., Michl, G.M., Demant, T., Jager, H., Dieterle, C., et al. (1998). Treatment with protease inhibitors associated with peripheral insulin resistance and impaired oral glucose tolerance in HIV-1 infected patients. / AIDS 12:F167-F173. CrossRef
50. Martinez, E. and Gatell, J.M. (1999). Metabolic abnormalities and body fat redistribution in HIV-1 infected patients: the lipodystrophy syndrome. / Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 12:13-9.
51. Geffner, M.E., Yeh, D.Y., Landaw, E.M., Scott, M.L., Stiehm, E.R., Bryson, Y.J., et al. (1993). In vitro insulin-like growth factor-I, growth hormone, and insulin resistance occurs in symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected children. / Pediatr. Res. 34:66-2. CrossRef
52. Hellerstein, M.K., Grunfeld, C., Wu, K., Christiansen, M., Kaempfer, S., Kletke, C., et al. (1993). Increased de novo hepatic lipogenesis in human immunodeficiency virus infection. / J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 73:559-65. CrossRef
53. Grunwald, C., Kotler, D.P., Hamadeh, R., Tierney, A., Wang, J., and Pierson, R.N. (1989). Hypertriglyceridemia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. / Am. J. Med. 86:27-1. CrossRef
54. Constans, J., Pellegrin, J.L., Peuchant, E., Dumon, M.F., Pellegrin, I., Sergeant, C., et al. (1994). Plasma lipids in HIV-infected patients: a prospective study in 95 patients. / Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 24:416-20. CrossRef
55. Duong, M., Petit, J.M., Piroth, L., Grappin, M., Buisson, M., Chavanet, P., et al. (2001). Association between insulin resistance and hepatitis C virus chronic infection in HIV-hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy. / J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 27:245-50.
56. Hoffman, C. and Jaeger, H. (2001). Cardiology and AIDS-HAART and the consequences. / Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 946:130-44. CrossRef
57. Cullen, P. (2000). Evidence that triglycerides are an independent coronary heart disease risk factor. / Am. J. Cardiol. 86:943-49. CrossRef
58. Assmann, G. (2001). Pro and con: high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and other lipid subfractions are the future of lipid management. / Am. J. Cardiol. 87(Suppl.):2B-7B. CrossRef
59. Carr, A., Samaras, K., Chisholm, D.J., and Cooper, D.A. (1998). Pathogenesis of HIV-1-protease inhibitor-associated peripheral lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia, and insulin resistance. / Lancet 351:1881-883. CrossRef
60. Behrens, G.M.N., Stoll, M., and Schmidt, R.E. (2003). Pathogenesis of the HAART-associated metabolic syndrome, in / Advances in Cardiology: HIV Infection and the Cardiovascular System (Barbaro, G., ed.), Karger, New York, pp. 83-6. CrossRef
61. Wilkinson, J. and Gotch, F. (2001). Immune interventions. / Br. Med. Bull. 58:187-03. CrossRef
62. Grandhi, R.T. and Walker, B.D. (2002). Immunologic control of HIV-1. / Annu. Rev. Med. 52:149-72. CrossRef
63. Yamamoto, N. (1994). The role of cytokines in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. / Int. J. Clin. Lab. Res. 25: 29-4. CrossRef
64. Heine, R.J. and Dekker, J.M. (2002). Beyond postprandial hyperglycaemia: metabolic factors associated with cardiovascular disease. / Diabetologia 45:461-75. CrossRef
65. Hajjar, D.P. and Haberland, M.E. (1997). Lipoprotein trafficking in vascular cells. Molecular Trojan horses and cellular saboteurs. / J. Biol. Chem. 272:22975-2978. CrossRef
66. Hansson, G.K., Jonasson, L., Seifert, P.S., and Stemme, S. (1989). Immune mechanisms in atherosclerosis. / Arteriosclerosis 9:567-78.
67. Pelchen-Matthews, A., Signoret, N., Klasse, P.J., Fraile-Ramos, A., and Marsh, M. (1999). Chemokine receptor trafficking and viral replication. / Immunol. Rev. 168:33-9. CrossRef
68. Peterhans, E. (1997). Reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in viral diseases. / Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 56:107-16.
69. Piette, J. and Legrand-Poels, S. (1994). HIV-1 reactivation after an oxidative stress mediated by different reactive oxygen species. / Chem. Biol. Interact. 91:79-9. CrossRef
70. Schreck, R., Rieber, P., and Baeuerle, P.A. (1991). Reactive oxygen intermediates as apparently widely used messengers in the activation of the NF-kappa B transcription factor and HIV-1. / EMBO J. 10:2247-258. - 作者单位：Barry E. Hurwitz PhD (1) (2) (3)
Nancy G. Klimas (1) (4)
Maria M. Llabre (1) (2)
Kevin J. Maher (1) (4)
Jay S. Skyler (1) (3)
Martin S. Bilsker (1) (5)
Shvawn McPherson-Baker (1) (4)
Peter J. Lawrence (1)
Arthur R. LaPerriere (1) (6)
Jeffrey M. Greeson (2)
Johanna R. Klaus (2)
Rasha Lawrence (1)
Neil Schneiderman (1) (2) (3) (6)
1. Behavioral Medicine Research Center, University of Miami, 1201 N.W., 16th Street, 33125, Miami, FL
2. Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL
3. Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
4. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miami, FL
5. Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
6. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL - ISSN：1559-0259
文摘
Differences on measures of metabolic syndrome X and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, as well as potential pathophysiological mediators, inflammation, and oxidative stress, were examined as a function of HIV serostatus and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen with and without protease inhibitors (PIs). Data from 164 men and women, aged 18 to 55 yr, were used to compare 82 HIV+ subjects who were free of hepatitis C virus and were on a stable HAART regimen for ? mo, with 82 seronegative subjects matched on age, sex, body mass index, and ethnicity. For the HIV+ subjects, after controlling for diabetes status and HIV disease progression, PI exposure was associated with greater oxidative stress, triglyceridemia, and lipidemia than it was for non-PI-exposed HIV+ subjects, and the risk of a future myocardial infarction was up to 56% greater in PI-exposed than in non-PI-exposed subjects and 129% greater than in controls. Although it is likely that the greatest proportion of CHD risk in the HIV+ subjects may be accounted for by pathological conditions linked to HIV infection in interaction with mediating processes such as inflammation, central obesity, and dyslipidemia, which was greater than in controls, it appears that PI medications may exacerbate oxidative stress and hypertriglyceridemia to enhance this risk.