参考文献:Altman, D. G. (1991). Practical statistics for medical research. Chapman & Hall/CRC Texts in Statistical Science (Book 12). London, England: Chapman and Hall/CRC. Amato, P. R., & Fowler, F. (2002). Parenting practices, child adjustment, and family diversity. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64(3), 703鈥?16.CrossRef Avenevoli, S., Sessa, F. M., & Steinberg, L. (1999). Family structure, parenting practices, and adolescent adjustment: An ecological examination. In E. Hetherington (Ed.), Coping with divorce, single parenting, and remarriage: A risk and resiliency perspective (pp. 65鈥?0). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Barkin, S., Scheindlin, B., Ip, E. H., Richardson, I., & Finch, S. (2007). Determinants of parental discipline practices: a national sample from primary care practices. Clinical Pediatrics, 46(1), 64鈥?9. doi:10.鈥?177/鈥?009922806292644鈥?/span> .PubMed CrossRef Baumrind, D., Larzelere, R. E., & Cowan, P. A. (2002). Ordinary physical punishment: is it harmful? Comment on Gershoff (2002). Psychological Bulletin, 128(4), 580鈥?89. doi:10.鈥?037/鈥?033-2909.鈥?28.鈥?.鈥?80 .PubMed CrossRef Bower-Russa, M. (2005). Attitudes mediate the association between childhood disciplinary history and disciplinary responses. Child Maltreatment, 10(3), 272鈥?82. doi:10.鈥?177/鈥?077559505277531鈥?/span> .PubMed CrossRef Bradley, R. H., Corwyn, R. F., Burchinal, M., Pipes McAdoo, H., & Garc铆a Coll, C. (2001). The home environments of children in the United States part II: relations with behavioral development through age thirteen. Child Development, 72(6), 1868鈥?886. doi:10.鈥?111/鈥?467-8624.鈥媡01-1-00383 .PubMed CrossRef Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77鈥?01. doi:10.鈥?191/鈥?478088706qp063o鈥媋 .CrossRef Chang, Y., Fine, M. A., Ispa, J., Thornburg, K. R., Sharp, E., & Wolfenstein, M. (2004). Understanding parenting stress among young, low-income, African-American, first-time mothers. Early Education and Development, 15(3), 265鈥?82. doi:10.鈥?207/鈥媠15566935eed1503鈥媉鈥? .CrossRef Chang, I. J., Pettit, R. W., & Katsurada, E. (2006). Where and when to spank: a comparison between U.S. and Japanese college students. Journal of Family Violence, 21(4), 281鈥?86. doi:10.鈥?007/鈥媠10896-006-9025-3 .CrossRef Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 37鈥?6. doi:10.鈥?177/鈥?013164460020001鈥?4 .CrossRef Collett, B. R., Gimpel, G. A., Greenson, J. N., & Gunderson, T. L. (2001). Assessment of discipline styles among parents of preschool through school-age children. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 23(3), 163鈥?70. doi:10.鈥?023/鈥婣:鈥?010965220517 .CrossRef Deater-Deckard, K., & Dodge, K. A. (1997). Externalizing behavior problems and discipline revisited: nonlinear effects and variation by culture, context, and gender. Psychological Inquiry, 8(3), 161鈥?75. http://鈥媤ww.鈥媡andfonline.鈥媍om/鈥媡oc/鈥媓pli20/鈥媍urrent#.鈥婾jCSpj8piyI .CrossRef Deater-Deckard, K., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (1996). Physical discipline among African American and European American mothers: links to children鈥檚 externalizing behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 32(6), 1065鈥?072. doi:10.鈥?037/鈥?012-1649.鈥?2.鈥?.鈥?065 .CrossRef Douglas, E. M. (2006). Familial violence socialization in childhood and later life approval of corporal punishment: a cross-cultural perspective. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(1), 23鈥?0. doi:10.鈥?037/鈥?002-9432.鈥?6.鈥?.鈥?3 .PubMed CrossRef Elliott, K., & Urquiza, A. (2006). Ethnicity, culture, and child maltreatment. Journal of Social Issues, 62(4), 787鈥?09. doi:10.鈥?111/鈥媕.鈥?540-4560.鈥?006.鈥?0487.鈥媥 .CrossRef Ferguson, C. J. (2013). Spanking, corporal punishment and negative long-term outcomes: a meta-analytic review of longitudinal studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(1), 196鈥?08. doi:10.鈥?016/鈥媕.鈥媍pr.鈥?012.鈥?1.鈥?02 .PubMed CrossRef Ferrari, A. M. (2002). The impact of culture upon child rearing practices and definitions of maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26(8), 793鈥?13. doi:10.鈥?016/鈥婼0145-2134(02)00345-9 .CrossRef Flynn, C. P. (1998). To spank or not to spank: the effect of situation and age of child on support for corporal punishment. Journal of Family Violence, 13(1), 21鈥?7. http://鈥媗ink.鈥媠pringer.鈥媍om/鈥媕ournal/鈥?0896 .CrossRef Fontes, L. A. (2002). Child discipline and physical abuse in immigrant Latino families: reducing violence and misunderstandings. Journal of Counseling & Development, 80(1), 31鈥?0. doi:10.鈥?002/鈥媕.鈥?556-6678.鈥?002.鈥媡b00163.鈥媥 .CrossRef Gershoff, E. T. (2002). Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences: a meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 128(4), 539鈥?79. doi:10.鈥?037/鈥?033-2909.鈥?28.鈥?.鈥?39 .PubMed CrossRef Graziano, A. M., & Namaste, K. A. (1990). Parental use of physical force in child discipline: a survey of 679 college students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 5(4), 449鈥?63. http://鈥媕iv.鈥媠agepub.鈥媍om/鈥?/span> .CrossRef Gunnoe, M. L., & Mariner, C. L. (1997). Toward a developmental-contextual model of the effects of parental spanking on children鈥檚 aggression. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 151(8), 768鈥?75.CrossRef Hastings, P. D., & Grusec, J. E. (1998). Parenting goals as organizers of responses to parent鈥揷hild disagreement. Developmental Psychology, 34, 465鈥?79. http://鈥媝sycnet.鈥媋pa.鈥媜rg/鈥媝sycinfo/鈥?998-01885-008 .PubMed CrossRef Ispa, J. M., Fine, M. A., Halgunseth, L. C., Harper, S., Robinson, J., Boyce, L., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Brady-Smith, C. (2004). Maternal intrusiveness, maternal warmth, and mother-toddler relationship outcomes: variations across low-income ethnic and acculturation groups. Child Development, 75(6), 1613鈥?631. doi:10.鈥?111/鈥媕.鈥?467-8624.鈥?004.鈥?0806.鈥媥 .PubMed CrossRef Kim, E., & Hong, S. (2007). First-generation Korean-American parents' perceptions of discipline. Journal of Professional Nursing, 23(1), 60鈥?8. doi:10.鈥?016/鈥媕.鈥媝rofnurs.鈥?006.鈥?2.鈥?02 .PubMed Central PubMed CrossRef Lamborn, S. D., Mounts, N. S., Steinberg, L., & Dornbusch, S. M. (1991). Patterns of competence and adjustment among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families. Child Development, 62(5), 1049鈥?065. http://鈥媜nlinelibrary.鈥媤iley.鈥媍om/鈥媕ournal/鈥?span class="ExternalRef">10.鈥?111/鈥?28ISSN%291467-8624 .PubMed CrossRef Lansford, J. E., Chang, L., Dodge, K. A., Malone, P. S., Oburu, P., Palm茅rus, K., Bacchini, D., Pastorelli, C., Bombi, A. S., Zelli, A., Tapanya, S., Chaudhary, N., Deater-Deckard, K., Manke, B., & Quinn, N. (2005). Physical discipline and children鈥檚 adjustment: cultural normativeness as a moderator. Child Development, 76(6), 1234鈥?246. doi:10.鈥?111/鈥媕.鈥?467-8624.鈥?005.鈥?0847.鈥媥 .PubMed Central PubMed CrossRef Lau, Y. K. (2006). Nonresidential fathering and nonresidential mothering in a Chinese context. American Journal of Family Therapy, 34(4), 373鈥?94. doi:10.鈥?080/鈥?192618060055389鈥? .CrossRef Lubell, K. M., Lofton, T., & Singer, H. H. (2008). Promoting healthy parenting practices across cultural groups: A CDC research brief. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. http://鈥媤ww.鈥媍dc.鈥媑ov/鈥媙cipc/鈥媝ub-res/鈥婬ealthy_鈥婸arenting_鈥婻IB_鈥媋.鈥媝df.鈥?/cite> Maiter, S., Alaggia, R., & Trocm茅, N. (2004). Perceptions of child maltreatment by parents from the Indian subcontinent: challenging myths about culturally based abusive parenting practices. Child Maltreatment, 9(3), 309鈥?24. doi:10.鈥?177/鈥?077559504266800鈥?/span> .PubMed CrossRef Maker, A. H., Shah, P. V., & Agha, Z. (2005). Child physical abuse: prevalence, characteristics, predictors, and beliefs about parent鈥揷hild violence in South Asian, Middle Eastern, East Asian, and Latina women in the United States. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20(11), 1406鈥?428. doi:10.鈥?177/鈥?886260505278713鈥?/span> .PubMed CrossRef Medora, N. P., Wilson, S., & Larson, J. H. (2001). Attitudes toward parenting strategies, potential for child abuse, and parental satisfaction of ethnically diverse low-income U.S. mothers. The Journal of Social Psychology, 141(3), 335鈥?48. doi:10.鈥?080/鈥?022454010960055鈥? .PubMed CrossRef Mel茅ndez, L. (2005). Parental beliefs and practices around early self-regulation: the impact of culture and immigration. Infants & Young Children, 18(2), 136鈥?46. doi:10.鈥?097/鈥?0001163-200504000-00006 .CrossRef Miles, M., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Moore, D. W., Gallup, G. H., & Schussel, R. (1995). Disciplining children in America: A Gallup poll report. (Gallup Poll). Princeton, NJ: The Gallup Organization. Ogbu, J. U. (1981). Origins of human competence: a cultural-ecological perspective. Child Development, 52(2), 413鈥?29. Retrieved from http://鈥媠earch.鈥媝roquest.鈥媍om/鈥媎ocview/鈥?16537896?鈥媋ccountid=鈥?3158 .CrossRef Pinderhughes, E. E., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., Pettit, G. S., & Zelli, A. (2000). Discipline responses: influences of parents鈥?socioeconomic status, ethnicity, beliefs about parenting, stress, and cognitive-emotional processes. Journal of Family Psychology, 14(3), 380鈥?00. doi:10.鈥?037/鈥?893-3200.鈥?4.鈥?.鈥?80 .PubMed Central PubMed CrossRef Ponterotto, J. G. (2005). Qualitative research in counseling psychology: a primer on research paradigms and philosophy of science. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(2), 126鈥?36. doi:10.鈥?037/鈥?022-0167.鈥?2.鈥?.鈥?26 .CrossRef QSR International Pty Ltd. (2006). NVivo qualitative data analysis software (Version 7). Reitman, D., Currier, R. O., Hupp, S. D. A., Rhode, P. C., Murphy, M. A., & O鈥機alllaghan, P. M. (2001). Psychometric characteristics of the parenting scale in a head start population. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30(4), 514鈥?24. doi:10.鈥?207/鈥婼15374424JCCP300鈥?_鈥?8 .PubMed CrossRef Simons, L. G., Simons, R. L., & Su, X. (2012). Consequences of corporal punishment among African Americans: the importance of context and outcome. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(8), 1273鈥?285. doi:10.鈥?007/鈥媠10964-012-9853-9 .PubMed CrossRef Singh, R., & Clarke, G. (2006). Power and parenting assessments: the intersecting levels of culture, race, class and gender. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 11(1), 9鈥?5. doi:10.鈥?177/鈥?359104506059118鈥?/span> .PubMed CrossRef Socolar, R. R. S. (1997). A classification scheme for discipline: type, mode of administration, context. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 2(4), 355鈥?64. doi:10.鈥?016/鈥婼1359-1789(97)00021-9 .CrossRef Steele, R. G., Nesbit-Daly, J. S., Daniel, R. C., & Forehand, R. (2005). Factor structure of the parenting scale in a low-income African American sample. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 14(4), 535鈥?49. doi:10.鈥?007/鈥媠10826-005-7187-x .CrossRef Straus, M. A. (1994). Should the use of corporal punishment by parents be considered child abuse? Yes. In M. A. Mason & E. Gambrill (Eds.), Debating children鈥檚 lives: Current controversies on children and adolescents (pp. 197鈥?03). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Straus, M. A., & Donnelly, D. A. (1994). Beating the devil out of them: corporal punishment in American families. New York, NY: Lexington Books/Macmillan. Straus, M. A., & Stewart, J. H. (1999). Corporal punishment by American parents: national data on prevalence, chronicity, severity, and duration, in relation to child and family characteristics. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 2(2), 55鈥?0. http://鈥媤ww.鈥媠pringer.鈥媍om/鈥媝sychology/鈥媍hild+%26+school+psychology/journal/10567.PubMed CrossRef Varela, R. E., Vernberg, E. M., Sanchez-Sosa, J., Riveros, A., Mitchell, M., & Mashunkashey, J. (2004). Parenting style of Mexican, Mexican American, and Caucasian-non-Hispanic families: social context and cultural influences. Journal of Family Psychology, 18(4), 651鈥?57. doi:10.鈥?037/鈥?893-3200.鈥?8.鈥?.鈥?51 .PubMed CrossRef Weis, R. (2002). Parenting dimensionality and typology in a disadvantaged, African American sample: a cultural variance perspective. Journal of Black Psychology, 28(2), 142鈥?73. doi:10.鈥?177/鈥?095798402028002鈥?05 .CrossRef Wissow, L. S. (2001). Ethnicity, income, and parenting contexts of physical punishment in a national sample of families with young children. Child Maltreatment, 6(2), 118鈥?29. doi:10.鈥?177/鈥?077559501006002鈥?04 .PubMed CrossRef Wolfner, G. D., & Gelles, R. J. (1993). A profile of violence toward children: a national study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 17(2), 197鈥?12. http://鈥媤ww.鈥媕ournals.鈥媏lsevier.鈥媍om/鈥媍hild-abuse-and-neglect/鈥?鈥?span class="Occurrences">CrossRef Wolraich, M. L., Aceves, J., Feldman, H. M., Hagan, J. F., Howard, B. J., Richtsmeier, A. J., 鈥?Tolmas, H. C. (1998). Guidance for effective discipline. Pediatrics, 101(4), 723. http://鈥媝ediatrics.鈥媋appublications.鈥媜rg/鈥?/span> Zhai, F., & Gao, Q. (2009). Child maltreatment among Asian Americans: characteristics and explanatory framework. Child Maltreatment, 14(2), 207鈥?24. doi:10.鈥?177/鈥?077559508326286鈥?/span> .CrossRef Zolotor, A. J., Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Berkoff, M. C., & Runyan, D. K. (2008). Speak softly-and forget the stick: corporal punishment and child physical abuse. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 35(4), 364鈥?69. doi:10.鈥?016/鈥媕.鈥媋mepre.鈥?008.鈥?6.鈥?31 .PubMed CrossRef Zolotor, A. J., Robinson, T. W., Runyan, D. K., Barr, R. G., & Murphy, R. A. (2011). The emergence of spanking among a representative sample of children under 2 years of age in North Carolina. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2(36), 1鈥?. doi:10.鈥?389/鈥媐psyt.鈥?011.鈥?0036 .
作者单位:Alesia O. Hawkins (1) (2) Mandy M. Rabenhorst-Bell (1) Melanie D. Hetzel-Riggin (1)
1. Center for the Study of Family Violence and Sexual Assault, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA 2. Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, 1601 Parkview Ave., Rockford, IL, 61107, USA
刊物类别:Child and School Psychology; Social Work; Public Health;
刊物主题:Child and School Psychology; Social Work; Public Health;
出版者:Springer International Publishing
ISSN:1936-153X
文摘
The aim of this study was to investigate racially diverse college students鈥?own perspective of child discipline strategies to determine whether the context and administration of these strategies varies by ethnicity/race. A total of 124 undergraduate students completed open-ended semi-structured interviews responding to questions about their own definitions of various terms used for child discipline. Inductive content analysis and coding of themes were carried out using appropriate qualitative software and quantitative data analysis procedures. Similar themes emerged when defining 鈥渟panking鈥?across ethnic/racial groups. However, ethnic/racial differences were found regarding the meaning and administration of the physical discipline strategy of 鈥渨hipping鈥? Understanding the underlying intention and purpose of discipline strategies across ethnicity/racial groups is warranted. Keywords Child discipline Ethnicity/race Parenting Spanking Qualitative Culture