Analysis of water use impact assessment methods (part A): evaluation of modeling choices based on a quantitative comparison of scarcity and human health indicators

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• 作者：Anne-Marie Boulay (1)
  Masaharu Motoshita (2) (5)
  Stephan Pfister (3)
  C茅cile Bulle (1)
  Ivan Mu帽oz (4)
  Helen Franceschini (4)
  Manuele Margni (1)
  
  1. CIRAIG ; Ecole Polytechnique of Montreal ; Montreal ; QC ; H3C 3A7 ; Canada
  2. National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology ; 3058569 ; Tsukuba ; Japan
  5. Department of Environmental Technology ; Technical University of Berlin ; 10623 ; Berlin ; Germany
  3. Institute for Environmental Engineering ; ETH Zurich ; 8093 ; Zurich ; Switzerland
  4. Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre ; Unilever ; Colworth ; UK
  
• 关键词：Impact modeling ; Life cycle assessment ; Model comparison ; Water deprivation ; Water footprint
• 刊名：The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
• 出版年：2015
• 出版时间：January 2015
• 年：2015
• 卷：20
• 期：1
• 页码：139-160
• 全文大小：10,009 KB
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• 刊物类别：Earth and Environmental Science
• 刊物主题：Environment
  Environment
  Environmental Economics
  
• 出版者：Springer Berlin / Heidelberg
• ISSN：1614-7502

文摘

Purpose In the past decade, several methods have emerged to quantify water scarcity, water availability and the human health impacts of water use. It was recommended that a quantitative comparison of methods should be performed to describe similar impact pathways, namely water scarcity and human health impacts from water deprivation. This is precisely the goal of this paper, which aims to (1) identify the key relevant modeling choices that explain the main differences between characterization models leading to the same impact indicators; (2) quantify the significance of the differences between methods, and (3) discuss the main methodological choices in order to guide method development and harmonization efforts. Methods The modeling choices are analysed for similarity of results (using mean relative difference) and model response consistency (through rank correlation coefficient). Uncertainty data associated with the choice of model are provided for each of the models analysed, and an average value is provided as a tool for sensitivity analyses. Results The results determined the modeling choices that significantly influence the indicators and should be further analysed and harmonised, such as the regional scale at which the scarcity indicator is calculated, the sources of underlying input data and the function adopted to describe the relationship between modeled scarcity indicators and the original withdrawal-to-availability or consumption-to-availability ratios. The inclusion or exclusion of impacts from domestic user deprivation and the inclusion or exclusion of trade effects both strongly influence human health impacts. At both midpoint and endpoint, the comparison showed that considering reduced water availability due to degradation in water quality, in addition to a reduction in water quantity, greatly influences results. Other choices are less significant in most regions of the world. Maps are provided to identify the regions in which such choices are relevant. Conclusions This paper provides useful insights to better understand scarcity, availability and human health impact models for water use and identifies the key relevant modeling choices and differences, making it possible to quantify model uncertainty and the significance of these choices in a specific regional context. Maps of regions where these specific choices are of importance were generated to guide practitioners in identifying locations for sensitivity analyses in water footprint studies. Finally, deconstructing the existing models and highlighting the differences and similarities has helped to determine building blocks to support the development of a consensual method.