Environmental impacts of thermal emissions to freshwater: spatially explicit fate and effect modeling for life cycle assessment and water footprinting

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• 作者：Stephan Pfister ; Sangwon Suh
• 关键词：Heat impacts ; Inventory ; Power production ; Thermal emissions ; Water footprint
• 刊名：The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
• 出版年：2015
• 出版时间：July 2015
• 年：2015
• 卷：20
• 期：7
• 页码：927-936
• 全文大小：995 KB
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• 作者单位：Stephan Pfister (1) (2)
  Sangwon Suh (2)
  
  1. Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, John-von-Neumann-Weg 9, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
  2. Bren School of Environment, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
  
• 刊物类别：Earth and Environmental Science
• 刊物主题：Environment
  Environment
  Environmental Economics
  
• 出版者：Springer Berlin / Heidelberg
• ISSN：1614-7502

文摘

Purpose Thermal emissions from electric power generation plants can lead to environmental impacts. However, such emissions have neither been comprehensively integrated in life cycle assessment (LCA), a method to quantify environmental impacts throughout the life cycle of a product, nor in water footprinting. This study presents a spatially explicit (0.5 arc degree resolution) fate and effect model for assessing the impact of thermal emissions from power production in the USA on freshwater ecosystems. Methods We developed a two-step regionalized fate model to capture short-range and long-range thermal effects. Effect factors were derived as a function of ambient temperature and used in conjunction with the fate factor to calculate the impacts. The impacts are measured as the potentially disappeared fraction (PDF) of species in the affected freshwater ecosystem volume over time. Results and discussion The long-range freshwater ecosystem impacts are dependent on the distance to sea as well as the ambient temperature, while the short-range effects are mainly influenced by the induced temperature change at the point of mixing. Our analysis showed that 95?% of the modeled grid cells in the USA have an impact of 2.5?×-0? to 2.5?×-0??PDF?m3?years per MJ emitted heat. For natural gas power production, thermal pollution can have a significant contribution to total freshwater ecosystem quality. Conclusions This study shows that thermal effects can be calculated on a spatially explicit level based on background data. It reveals the variability within a large region of the world, covering various geographic regions, and therefore helps generalizing the results for other regions.