Understanding the El Ni?o-like oceanic response in the tropical Pacific to global warming

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• 作者：Yiyong Luo ; Jian Lu ; Fukai Liu ; Wei Liu
• 关键词：El Ni?o ; like response ; Global warming ; Thermocline ; Oceanic dynamical thermostat
• 刊名：Climate Dynamics
• 出版年：2015
• 出版时间：October 2015
• 年：2015
• 卷：45
• 期：7-8
• 页码：1945-1964
• 全文大小：17,975 KB
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• 作者单位：Yiyong Luo (1) (2)
  Jian Lu (3)
  Fukai Liu (1)
  Wei Liu (4)
  
  1. Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
  2. Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, 215 South Ferry Road, Narragansett, RI, 02882, USA
  3. Atmospheric Sciences and Global?Change Division, Pacific Northwest National?Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
  4. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San Diego, CA, USA
  
• 刊物类别：Earth and Environmental Science
• 刊物主题：Earth sciences
  Geophysics and Geodesy
  Meteorology and Climatology
  Oceanography
  
• 出版者：Springer Berlin / Heidelberg
• ISSN：1432-0894

文摘

The enhanced central and eastern Pacific SST warming and the associated ocean processes under global warming are investigated using the ocean component of the Community Earth System Model (CESM), Parallel Ocean Program version 2 (POP2). The tropical SST warming pattern in the coupled CESM can be faithfully reproduced by the POP2 forced with surface fluxes computed using the aerodynamic bulk formula. By prescribing the wind stress and/or wind speed through the bulk formula, the effects of wind stress change and/or the wind-evaporation-SST (WES) feedback are isolated and their linearity is evaluated in this ocean-alone setting. Result shows that, although the weakening of the equatorial easterlies contributes positively to the El Ni?o-like SST warming, 80 % of which can be simulated by the POP2 without considering the effects of wind change in both mechanical and thermodynamic fluxes. This result points to the importance of the air–sea thermal interaction and the relative feebleness of the ocean dynamical process in the El Ni?o-like equatorial Pacific SST response to global warming. On the other hand, the wind stress change is found to play a dominant role in the oceanic response in the tropical Pacific, accounting for most of the changes in the equatorial ocean current system and thermal structures, including the weakening of the surface westward currents, the enhancement of the near-surface stratification and the shoaling of the equatorial thermocline. Interestingly, greenhouse gas warming in the absence of wind stress change and WES feedback also contributes substantially to the changes at the subsurface equatorial Pacific. Further, this warming impact can be largely replicated by an idealized ocean experiment forced by a uniform surface heat flux, whereby, arguably, a purest form of oceanic dynamical thermostat is revealed. Keywords El Ni?o-like response Global warming Thermocline Oceanic dynamical thermostat