High exposure to inorganic arsenic by food: the need for risk reduction

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• 作者：Ursula Gundert-Remy ; Georg Damm ; Heidi Foth ; Alexius Freyberger…
• 关键词：Arsenic ; Risk assessment ; Risk management ; Threshold values ; Rice ; Drinking water ; Regulatory toxicology ; Human exposure
• 刊名：Archives of Toxicology
• 出版年：2015
• 出版时间：December 2015
• 年：2015
• 卷：89
• 期：12
• 页码：2219-2227
• 全文大小：720 KB
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• 作者单位：Ursula Gundert-Remy (1)
  Georg Damm (2)
  Heidi Foth (3)
  Alexius Freyberger (4)
  Thomas Gebel (5)
  Klaus Golka (6)
  Claudia R?hl (7)
  Thomas Schupp (8)
  Klaus-Michael Wollin (9)
  Jan Georg Hengstler (6)
  
  1. Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité, Universit?tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  2. Department for General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Campus Virchow Clinic, Charité, Universit?tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  3. Institute of Environmental Toxicology, University of Halle, Halle/Saale, Germany
  4. Global Early Development - Toxicology, Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany
  5. Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Dortmund, Germany
  6. Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human, Factors (IfADo), University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
  7. Institute for Toxicology und Pharmacology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
  8. University of Applied Science, Muenster, Steinfurt, Germany
  9. Lower Saxony Governmental Institute of Public Health, Hannover, Germany
  
• 刊物主题：Pharmacology/Toxicology; Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine; Environmental Health; Biomedicine general;
• 出版者：Springer Berlin Heidelberg
• ISSN：1432-0738

文摘

Arsenic is a human carcinogen that occurs ubiquitously in soil and water. Based on epidemiological studies, a benchmark dose (lower/higher bound estimate) between 0.3 and 8 μg/kg bw/day was estimated to cause a 1 % increased risk of lung, skin and bladder cancer. A recently published study by EFSA on dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European population reported 95th percentiles (lower bound min to upper bound max) for different age groups in the same range as the benchmark dose. For toddlers, a highly exposed group, the highest values ranged between 0.61 and 2.09 μg arsenic/kg bw/day. For all other age classes, the margin of exposure is also small. This scenario calls for regulatory action to reduce arsenic exposure. One priority measure should be to reduce arsenic in food categories that contribute most to exposure. In the EFSA study the food categories ‘milk and dairy products,-‘drinking water-and ‘food for infants-represent major sources of inorganic arsenic for infants and also rice is an important source. Long-term strategies are required to reduce inorganic arsenic in these food groups. The reduced consumption of rice and rice products which has been recommended may be helpful for a minority of individuals consuming unusually high amounts of rice. However, it is only of limited value for the general European population, because the food categories ‘grain-based processed products (non rice-based)-or ‘milk and dairy products-contribute more to the exposure with inorganic arsenic than the food category ‘rice.-A balanced regulatory activity focusing on the most relevant food categories is required. In conclusion, exposure to inorganic arsenic represents a risk to the health of the European population, particularly to young children. Regulatory measures to reduce exposure are urgently required. Keywords Arsenic Risk assessment Risk management Threshold values Rice Drinking water Regulatory toxicology Human exposure