Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: the role of tourism and ecological footprint

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• 作者：Ilhan Ozturk ; Usama Al-Mulali…
• 关键词：Ecological footprint ; GDP from tourism ; Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis ; The generalized method of moments
• 刊名：Environmental Science and Pollution Research
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：January 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：23
• 期：2
• 页码：1916-1928
• 全文大小：362 KB
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• 作者单位：Ilhan Ozturk (1)
  Usama Al-Mulali (2)
  Behnaz Saboori (3)
  
  1. Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Cag University, Mersin, 33800, Turkey
  2. Faculty of Business, Multimedia University, Melaka, 75450, Malaysia
  3. Centre of Real Estate Studies, Department of Real Estate, Faculty of Geoinformation & Real Estate, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, 81310, Malaysia
  
• 刊物类别：Earth and Environmental Science
• 刊物主题：Environment
  Environment
  Atmospheric Protection, Air Quality Control and Air Pollution
  Waste Water Technology, Water Pollution Control, Water Management and Aquatic Pollution
  Industrial Pollution Prevention
  
• 出版者：Springer Berlin / Heidelberg
• ISSN：1614-7499

文摘

The main objective of this study is to examine the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis by utilizing the ecological footprint as an environment indicator and GDP from tourism as the economic indicator. To achieve this goal, an environmental degradation model is established during the period of 1988–2008 for 144 countries. The results from the time series generalized method of moments (GMM) and the system panel GMM revealed that the number of countries that have a negative relationship between the ecological footprint and its determinants (GDP growth from tourism, energy consumption, trade openness, and urbanization) is more existent in the upper middle- and high-income countries. Moreover, the EKC hypothesis is more present in the upper middle- and high-income countries than the other income countries. From the outcome of this research, a number of policy recommendations were provided for the investigated countries. Keywords Ecological footprint GDP from tourism Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis The generalized method of moments