Metabolites replace the parent drug in the drug arena. The cases of fonazepam and nifoxipam
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- 作者：Maria Katselou ; Ioannis Papoutsis ; Panagiota Nikolaou…
- 关键词：Fonazepam ; Nifoxipam ; Designer benzodiazepines ; NPS ; Active metabolites of flunitrazepam
- 刊名：Forensic Toxicology
- 出版年：2017
- 出版时间：January 2017
- 年：2017
- 卷：35
- 期：1
- 页码：1-10
- 全文大小：531KB
- 刊物主题：Forensic Medicine; Pharmacology/Toxicology; Medicinal Chemistry; Medicine/Public Health, general; Medical Law;
- 出版者：Springer Japan
- ISSN：1860-8973
- 卷排序：35
文摘
Fonazepam (desmethylflunitrazepam) and nifoxipam (3-hydroxy-desmethylflunitrazepam) are benzodiazepine derivatives and active metabolites of flunitrazepam. They recently invaded the drug arena as substances of abuse and alerted the forensic community after being seized in powder and tablet forms in Europe between 2014 and 2016. A review of all the existing knowledge of fonazepam and nifoxipam is reported, concerning their chemistry, synthesis, pharmacology and toxicology, prevalence/use, biotransformation and their analysis in biological samples. To our knowledge, fonazepam and nifoxipam-related intoxications, lethal or not, have not been reported in the scientific literature. All the available information was gathered through a detailed search of PubMed and the World Wide Web.