Recent Evidence About the Effectiveness of Vestibular Rehabilitation

详细信息查看全文

作者：Susan L. Whitney DPT ; PhD…
关键词：Vestibular rehabilitation ; Dizziness ; Bilateral hypofunction ; Peripheral hypofunction ; Unilateral vestibular loss ; Balance
刊名：Current Treatment Options in Neurology
出版年：2016
出版时间：March 2016
年：2016
卷：18
期：3
全文大小：346 KB
参考文献：1.Cawthorne T. The physiological basis for head exercises. J Chart Soc Physiother. 1944;3:106–7.
2.Cooksey FS. Rehabilitation in vestibular injuries. Proc R Soc Med. 1946;39.
3.Badaracco C, Labini FS, Meli A, De Angelis E, Tufarelli D. Vestibular rehabilitation outcomes in chronic vertiginous patients through computerized dynamic visual acuity and gaze stabilization test. Otol Neurotol. 2007;28(6):809–13.PubMed CrossRef
4.Badke MB, Miedaner JA, Shea TA, Grove CR, Pyle GM. Effects of vestibular and balance rehabilitation on sensory organization and dizziness handicap. Ann Oto Rhinol Laryn. 2005;114(1):48–54.CrossRef
5.Bjerlemo B, Kollen L, Boderos I, Kreuter M, Moller C. Recovery after early vestibular rehabilitation in patients with acute unilateral vestibular loss. Audiol Med. 2006;4:117–23.CrossRef
6.Cakrt O, Chovanec M, Funda T, Kalitova P, Betka J, Zverina E, et al. Exercise with visual feedback improves postural stability after vestibular schwannoma surgery. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-L. 2010;267(9):1355–60.CrossRef
7.Chen PY, Hsieh WL, Wei SH, Kao CL. Interactive wiimote gaze stabilization exercise training system for patients with vestibular hypofunction. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2012;9:77.PubMed PubMedCentral CrossRef
8.Clendaniel RA. The effects of habituation and gaze stability exercises in the treatment of unilateral vestibular hypofunction: a preliminary results. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2010;34(2):111–6.PubMed PubMedCentral CrossRef
9.Donmez B, Akdal G. Vestibular rehabilitation in unilateral peripheral vestibulopathy: a preliminary report. J Neurol Sci Turk. 2008;25(2):128–35.
10.Enticott JC, O'Leary SJ, Briggs RJS. Effects of vestibulo-ocular reflex exercises on vestibular compensation after vestibular schwannoma surgery. Otol Neurotol. 2005;26(2):265–9.PubMed CrossRef
11.Enticott JC, Vitkovic JJ, Reid B, O'Neill P, Paine M. Vestibular rehabilitation in individuals with inner-ear dysfunction: a pilot study. Audiol Neuro Otol. 2008;13(1):19–28.CrossRef
12.Gabilan YPL, Perracini MR, Munhoz MSL, Gananc FF. Aquatic physiotherapy for vestibular rehabilitation in patients with unilateral vestibular hypofunction: exploratory prospective study. J Vestibul Res Equil. 2008;18(2–3):139–46.
13.Giray M, Kirazli Y, Karapolat H, Celebisoy N, Bilgen C, Kirazli T. Short-term effects of vestibular rehabilitation in patients with chronic unilateral vestibular dysfunction: a randomized controlled study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;90(8):1325–31.PubMed CrossRef
14.Goudakos JK, Markou KD, Psillas G, Vital V, Tsaligopoulos M. Corticosteroids and vestibular exercises in vestibular neuritis single-blind randomized clinical trial. Jama Otolaryngol. 2014;140(5):434–40.
15.Kammerlind ASC, Ledin TRE, Odkvist LM, Skargren EIB. Effects of home training and additional physical therapy on recovery after acute unilateral vestibular loss—a randomized study. Clin Rehabil. 2005;19(1):54–62.PubMed CrossRef
16.Kao CL, Chen LK, Chern CM, Hsu LC, Chen CC, Hwang SJ. Rehabilitation outcome in home-based versus supervised exercise programs for chronically dizzy patients. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2010;51(3):264–7.PubMed CrossRef
17.Kao CL, Tsai KL, Cheng YY, Kuo CH, Lee SD, Chan RC. Vestibular rehabilitation ameliorates chronic dizziness through the axis. Front Aging Neurosci. 2014;6.
18.Kvale A, Wilhelmsen K, Fiske HA. Physical findings in patients with dizziness undergoing a group exercise programme. Physiother Res Int: J Res Clin Phys Ther. 2008;13(3):162–75.CrossRef
19.Maciaszek J, Osinski W. Effect of Tai Chi on Body Balance: Randomized Controlled Trial in Elderly Men with Dizziness. Am J Chin Med. 2012;40(2):245–53.PubMed CrossRef
20.Mantello EB, Moriguti JC, Rodrigues-Junior AL, Ferrioli E. Vestibular rehabilitation's effect over the quality of life of geriatric patients with labyrinth disease. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2008;74(2):172–80.PubMed CrossRef
21.Marioni G, Fermo S, Zanon D, Broi N, Staffieri A. Early rehabilitation for unilateral peripheral vestibular disorders: a prospective, randomized investigation using computerized posturography. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-L. 2013;270(2):425–35.CrossRef
22.McGibbon CA, Krebs DE, Parker SW, Scarborough DM, Wayne PM, Wolf SL. Tai Chi and vestibular rehabilitation improve vestibulopathic gait via different neuromuscular mechanisms: Preliminary report. Bmc Neurol. 2005;5.
23.Meldrum D, Herdman S, Vance R, Murray D, Malone K, Duffy D, et al. Effectiveness of conventional versus virtual reality-based balance exercises in vestibular rehabilitation for unilateral peripheral vestibular loss: results of a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015;96(7):1319–28.PubMed CrossRef
24.Mohammad MT, Whitney SL, Sparto PJ, Jennings JR, Furman JM. Perceptual and motor inhibition in individuals with vestibular disorders. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2010;34(2):76–81.PubMed CrossRef
25.Morozetti PG, Gananca CF, Chiari BM. Comparison of different protocols for vestibular rehabilitation in patients with peripheral vestibular disorders. J Soc Bras Fonoaudiol. 2011;23(1):44–50.PubMed
26.Murray KJ, Hill K, Phillips B, Waterston J. Does otolith organ dysfunction influence outcomes after a customized program of vestibular rehabilitation? J Neurol Phys Ther. 2010;34(2):70–5.PubMed CrossRef
27.Patatas OH, Gananca CF, Gananca FF. Quality of life of individuals submitted to vestibular rehabilitation. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2009;75(3):387–94.PubMed CrossRef
28.Pavlou M, Bronstein AM, Davies RA. Randomized trial of supervised versus unsupervised optokinetic exercise in persons with peripheral vestibular disorders. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2013;27(3):208–18.PubMed CrossRef
29.Rocha Junior PR, da Peres Silva A, Garbi FP, Frizzo AC, Valenti VE. Effects of physiotherapy on balance and unilateral vestibular hypofunction in vertiginous elderly. Int Arch Med. 2014;7(1):8.PubMed PubMedCentral CrossRef
30.Rossi-Izquierdo M, Santos-Perez S, Rubio-Rodriguez JP, Lirola-Delgado A, Zubizarreta-Gutierrez A, Roman-Rodriguez ES, et al. What is the optimal number of treatment sessions of vestibular rehabilitation? Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-L. 2014;271(2):275–80.CrossRef
31.Rossi-Izquierdo M, Santos-Perez S, Soto-Varela A. What is the most effective vestibular rehabilitation technique in patients with unilateral peripheral vestibular disorders? Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-L. 2011;268(11):1569–74.CrossRef
32.Smaerup M, Gronvall E, Larsen SB, Laessoe U, Henriksen JJ, Damsgaard EM. Computer-assisted training as a complement in rehabilitation of patients with chronic vestibular dizziness—a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015;96(3):395–401.PubMed CrossRef
33.Sparrer I, Thien ADD, Ilgner J, Westhofen M. Vestibular rehabilitation using the Nintendo (R) Wii Balance Board—a user-friendly alternative for central nervous compensation. Acta Oto-Laryngol. 2013;133(3):239–45.CrossRef
34.Tee LH. Functional outcomes after customized vestibular rehabilitation in subjects with chronic vestibular dysfunction. Physiother Singapore. 2010;13(2):4–7.
35.Teggi R, Caldirola D, Fabiano B, Recanati P, Bussi M. Rehabilitation after acute vestibular disorders. J Laryngol Otol. 2009;123(4):397–402.PubMed CrossRef
36.Venosa AR, Bittar RS. Vestibular rehabilitation exercises in acute vertigo. Laryngoscope. 2007;117(8):1482–7.PubMed CrossRef
37.Verdecchia DH, Mendoza M, Sanguineti F, Binetti AC. Outcomes after vestibular rehabilitation and Wii(R) therapy in patients with chronic unilateral vestibular hypofunction. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2014;65(6):339–45.PubMed CrossRef
38.Vereeck L, Wuyts FL, Truijen S, De Valck C, de Heyning PHV. The effect of early customized vestibular rehabilitation on balance after acoustic neuroma resection. Clin Rehabil. 2008;22(8):698–713.PubMed CrossRef
39.•

Vitkovic J, Winoto A, Rance G, Dowell R, Paine M. Vestibular rehabilitation outcomes in patients with and without vestibular migraine. J Neurol. 2013;260(12):3039–48. People with and without migraine dizziness appear to improve after completion of a vestibular rehabiliation program.PubMed CrossRef
40.Yeh SC, Chen S, Wang PC, Su MC, Chang CH, Tsai PY. Interactive 3-dimensional virtual reality rehabilitation for patients with chronic imbalance and vestibular dysfunction. Technol Health Care. 2014;22(6):915–21.PubMed
41.••

McDonnell MN, Hillier SL. Vestibular rehabilitation for unilateral peripheral vestibular dysfunction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;1, CD005397. The paper provides the most current review related to peripheral vestibular hypofunction inclusive of BPPV.PubMed
42.Porciuncula F, Johnson CC, Glickman LB. The effect of vestibular rehabilitation on adults with bilateral vestibular hypofunction: a systematic review. J Vestib Res: Equilib Orientation. 2012;22(5–6):283–98.
43.Nagaratnam N, Ip J, Bou-Haidar P. The vestibular dysfunction and anxiety disorder interface: a descriptive study with special reference to the elderly. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2005;40(3):253–64.PubMed CrossRef
44.Shefer S, Gordon C, Avraham KB, Mintz M. Balance deficit enhances anxiety and balance training decreases anxiety in vestibular mutant mice. Behav Brain Res. 2015;276:76–83.PubMed CrossRef
45.Simon NM, Pollack MH, Tuby KS, Stern TA. Dizziness and panic disorder: a review of the association between vestibular dysfunction and anxiety. Ann Clin Psychiatry: Off J Am Acad Clin Psychiatrists. 1998;10(2):75–80.CrossRef
46.Klatt BN, Carender WJ, Lin CC, Alsubaie SF, Kinnaird CR, Sienko KH, et al. A conceptual framework for the progression of balance exercises in persons with balance and vestibular disorders. Phys Med Rehabil Int. 2015;2:4.
47.••

Hall CD, Herdman SD, Whitney SL, Cass SP, Clendaniel RA, Fife TD, et al. Vestibular rehabilitation for peripheral vestibular hypofunction: an evidence-based clinical practice guideline J Neurol Phys Ther. 2016;In press. The paper is the first clinical practice guidelilne generated related to peripehral vestibular hypofunction.
48.Curthoys IS. Vestibular compensation and substitution. Curr Opin Neurol. 2000;13(1):27–30.PubMed CrossRef
49.Gauchard GC, Parietti-Winkler C, Lion A, Simon C, Perrin PP. Impact of pre-operative regular physical activity on balance control compensation after vestibular schwannoma surgery. Gait Posture. 2013;37(1):82–7.PubMed CrossRef
50.Lacour M, Bernard-Demanze L. Interaction between vestibular compensation mechanisms and vestibular rehabilitation therapy: 10 recommendations for optimal functional recovery. Front Neurol. 2014;5:285.PubMed PubMedCentral
51.Studenski S, Perera S, Patel K, Rosano C, Faulkner K, Inzitari M, et al. Gait speed and survival in older adults. JAMA. 2011;305(1):50–8.PubMed PubMedCentral CrossRef
52.Arnold SA, Stewart AM, Moor HM, Karl RC, Reneker JC. The effectiveness of vestibular rehabilitation interventions in treating unilateral peripheral vestibular disorders: a systematic review. Physiotherapy research international : the journal for researchers and clinicians in physical therapy. 2015.
53.Ricci NA, Aratani MC, Caovilla HH, Gananca FF. Effects of Vestibular Rehabilitation on Balance Control in Older People with Chronic Dizziness: A Randomized Clinical Trial. American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists. 2015.
54.Alahmari KA, Sparto PJ, Marchetti GF, Redfern MS, Furman JM, Whitney SL. Comparison of virtual reality based therapy with customized vestibular physical therapy for the treatment of vestibular disorders. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng: Publ IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2014;22(2):389–99.CrossRef
55.Saman Y, Bamiou DE, Murdin L, Tsioulos K, Davies R, Dutia MB, et al. Balance, falls risk, and related disability in untreated vestibular schwannoma patients. J Neurol Surg Part B, Skull Base. 2014;75(5):332–8.CrossRef
56.Herdman SJ, Blatt P, Schubert MC, Tusa RJ. Falls in patients with vestibular deficits. AmJOtol. 2000;21(6):847–51.
57.Brach JS, Francois SJ, VanSwearingen JM, Gilmore S, Perera S, Studenski SA. Translation of a motor learning walking rehabilitation program into a group-based exercise program for community-dwelling older adults. PM R. 2015.
58.Brach JS, Lowry K, Perera S, Hornyak V, Wert D, Studenski SA, et al. Improving motor control in walking: a randomized clinical trial in older adults with subclinical walking difficulty. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015;96(3):388–94.PubMed CrossRef
59.Brach JS, Van Swearingen JM, Perera S, Wert DM, Studenski S. Motor learning versus standard walking exercise in older adults with subclinical gait dysfunction: a randomized clinical trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61(11):1879–86.PubMed CrossRef
60.Basta D, Singbartl F, Todt I, Clarke A, Ernst A. Vestibular rehabilitation by auditory feedback in otolith disorders. Gait Posture. 2008;28(3):397–404.PubMed CrossRef
61.Allum JH, Carpenter MG, Horslen BC, Davis JR, Honegger F, Tang KS, et al. Improving impaired balance function: real-time versus carry-over effects of prosthetic feedback. Conf Proc: Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc Annu Conf. 2011;2011:1314–8.
62.Horlings CG, Carpenter MG, Honegger F, Allum JH. Vestibular and proprioceptive contributions to human balance corrections: aiding these with prosthetic feedback. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009;1164:1–12.PubMed CrossRef
63.Dozza M, Horak FB, Chiari L. Auditory biofeedback substitutes for loss of sensory information in maintaining stance. Exp Brain Res. 2007;178(1):37–48.PubMed CrossRef
64.Sienko KH, Balkwill MD, Oddsson LI, Wall 3rd C. The effect of vibrotactile feedback on postural sway during locomotor activities. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2013;10:93.PubMed PubMedCentral CrossRef
65.Wrisley DM, Marchetti GF, Kuharsky DK, Whitney SL. Reliability, internal consistency, and validity of data obtained with the functional gait assessment. Phys Ther. 2004;84(10):906–18.PubMed
66.Lee BC, Kim J, Chen S, Sienko KH. Cell phone based balance trainer. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2012;9:10.PubMed PubMedCentral CrossRef
67.Agrawal Y, Carey JP, Della Santina CC, Schubert MC, Minor LB. Disorders of balance and vestibular function in US adults: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2004. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(10):938–44.PubMed CrossRef
68.Liao WL, Chang TP, Chen HJ, Kao CH. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo is associated with an increased risk of fracture: a population-based cohort study. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2015;45(5):406–12.PubMed CrossRef
69.Avin KG, Hanke TA, Kirk-Sanchez N, McDonough CM, Shubert TE, Hardage J, et al. Management of falls in community-dwelling older adults: clinical guidance statement from the Academy of Geriatric Physical Therapy of the American Physical Therapy Association. Phys Ther. 2015;95(6):815–34.PubMed PubMedCentral CrossRef
70.Moreland J, Richardson J, Chan D, O'Neill J, Bellissimo A, Grum R, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for the secondary prevention of falls in older adults. Gerontology. 2003;49(2):93–116.PubMed CrossRef
71.Lowry KA, Vanswearingen JM, Perera S, Studenski SA, Brach JS. Walking smoothness is associated with self-reported function after accounting for gait speed. J Gerontol Ser A Biol Med Sci. 2013;68(10):1286–90.CrossRef
72.Rosso AL, Olson Hunt MJ, Yang M, Brach JS, Harris TB, Newman AB, et al. Higher step length variability indicates lower gray matter integrity of selected regions in older adults. Gait Posture. 2014;40(1):225–30.PubMed PubMedCentral CrossRef
73.Whitney SL, Marchetti GF, Schade A, Wrisley DM. The sensitivity and specificity of the Timed "Up & Go" and the Dynamic Gait Index for self-reported falls in persons with vestibular disorders. J Vestib Res: Equilib Orientation. 2004;14(5):397–409.
74.Alsalaheen BA, Whitney SL, Marchetti GF, Furman JM, Kontos AP, Collins MW, et al. Performance of high school adolescents on functional gait and balance measures. Pediatric Phys Ther: Off Publ Section Pediatr Am Phys Ther Assoc. 2014;26(2):191–9.CrossRef
75.Ekvall Hansson E, Dahlberg LE, Magnusson M. Vestibular rehabilitation affects vestibular asymmetry among patients with fall-related wrist fractures—a randomized controlled trial. Gerontology. 2015;61(4):310–8.PubMed CrossRef
76.Ekvall Hansson E, Magnusson M. Vestibular asymmetry predicts falls among elderly patients with multi-sensory dizziness. BMC Geriatr. 2013;13:77.PubMed PubMedCentral CrossRef
77.Hall CD, Schubert MC, Herdman SJ. Prediction of fall risk reduction as measured by dynamic gait index in individuals with unilateral vestibular hypofunction. Otol Neurotol. 2004;25(5):746–51.PubMed CrossRef
78.Gananca FF, Gazzola JM, Gananca CF, Caovilla HH, Gananca MM, Cruz OL. Elderly falls associated with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2010;76(1):113–20.PubMed CrossRef
79.Powell LE, Myers AM. The Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1995;50A(1):M28–34.PubMed CrossRef
80.Morgan MT, Friscia LA, Whitney SL, Furman JM, Sparto PJ. Reliability and validity of the Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I) in individuals with dizziness and imbalance. Otol Neurotol. 2013;34(6):1104–8.PubMed PubMedCentral CrossRef
81.Bigelow RT, Semenov YR, du Lac S, Hoffman HJ, Agrawal Y. Vestibular vertigo and comorbid cognitive and psychiatric impairment: the 2008 National Health Interview Survey. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry. 2015.
82.Yuan Q, Yu L, Shi D, Ke X, Zhang H. Anxiety and depression among patients with different types of vestibular peripheral vertigo. Medicine. 2015;94(5), e453.PubMed PubMedCentral CrossRef
83.Kanzaki J, Goto F. Psychiatric disorders in patients with dizziness and Meniere's disease. Acta Otolaryngol. 2015;135(5):447–50.PubMed CrossRef
84.Hill AM, Etherton-Beer C, Haines TP. Tailored education for older patients to facilitate engagement in falls prevention strategies after hospital discharge—a pilot randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(5), e63450.PubMed PubMedCentral CrossRef
85.Dai M, Cohen B, Smouha E, Cho C. Readaptation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex relieves the mal de debarquement syndrome. Front Neurol. 2014;5:124.PubMed PubMedCentral CrossRef
86.Liu W, Lipsitz LA, Montero-Odasso M, Bean J, Kerrigan DC, Collins JJ. Noise-enhanced vibrotactile sensitivity in older adults, patients with stroke, and patients with diabetic neuropathy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83(2):171–6.PubMed CrossRef
87.Priplata AA, Niemi JB, Harry JD, Lipsitz LA, Collins JJ. Vibrating insoles and balance control in elderly people. Lancet. 2003;362(9390):1123–4.PubMed CrossRef
88.Priplata AA, Patritti BL, Niemi JB, Hughes R, Gravelle DC, Lipsitz LA, et al. Noise-enhanced balance control in patients with diabetes and patients with stroke. Ann Neurol. 2006;59(1):4–12.PubMed CrossRef
89.Jacob RG, Whitney SL, Detweiler-Shostak G, Furman JM. Vestibular rehabilitation for patients with agoraphobia and vestibular dysfunction: a pilot study. J Anxiety Disord. 2001;15(1–2):131–46.PubMed CrossRef
90.Whitney SL, Jacob RG, Sparto PJ, Olshansky EF, Detweiler-Shostak G, Brown EL, et al. Acrophobia and pathological height vertigo: indications for vestibular physical therapy? Phys Ther. 2005;85(5):443–58.PubMed
91.Mallinson AI, Longridge NS. A new set of criteria for evaluating malingering in work-related vestibular injury. Otol Neurotol. 2005;26(4):686–90.PubMed CrossRef
92.Staab JP. Chronic dizziness: the interface between psychiatry and neuro-otology. Curr Opin Neurol. 2006;19(1):41–8.PubMed CrossRef
93.Larrosa F, Dura MJ, Menacho J, Gonzalez-Sabate L, Cordon A, Hernandez A, et al. Aphysiologic performance on dynamic posturography in work-related patients. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol: Off J Eur Fed Oto-Rhino-Laryngol Soc. 2013;270(1):93–7.CrossRef
94.Dieterich M, Bauermann T, Best C, Stoeter P, Schlindwein P. Evidence for cortical visual substitution of chronic bilateral vestibular failure (an fMRI study). Brain : J Neurol. 2007;130(Pt 8):2108–16.CrossRef
95.Mantokoudis G, Schubert MC, Tehrani AS, Wong AL, Agrawal Y. Early adaptation and compensation of clinical vestibular responses after unilateral vestibular deafferentation surgery. Otol Neurotol. 2014;35(1):148–54.PubMed CrossRef
96.Schubert MC, Zee DS. Saccade and vestibular ocular motor adaptation. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2010;28(1):9–18.PubMed PubMedCentral
97.Schubert MC, Migliaccio AA, Della Santina CC. Modification of compensatory saccades after aVOR gain recovery. J Vestib Res: Equilib Orientation. 2006;16(6):285–91.
98.Migliaccio AA, Schubert MC. Pilot study of a new rehabilitation tool: improved unilateral short-term adaptation of the human angular vestibulo-ocular reflex. Otol Neurotol. 2014;35(10):e310–6.PubMed CrossRef
99.Bittar RS, Lins EM. Clinical characteristics of patients with persistent postural-perceptual dizziness. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2015;81(3):276–82.PubMed CrossRef
100.Bronstein A. Visual symptoms and vertigo. Neurol Clin. 2005;23(3):705–13. v-vi.PubMed CrossRef
101.Jacob R, Woody SR, Clark DB, Lilienfeld SO, Hirsch BE, Kucera GD, et al. Discomfort with space and motion: a possible marker of vestibular dysfunction assessed by the Situational Characteristics Questionnaire. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 1993;15(4):299–324.CrossRef
102.Brandt T, Bles W, Arnold F, Kapteyn TS. Height vertigo and human posture. Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 1979;25:88–92.PubMed
103.••