参考文献:1. Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation on Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. Diet nutrition and the prevention diseases: report of a joint WHO/FAO expert consultation (2003) World Health Organization Technical Report Series 916, pp 1–149 2. Yeh J, Shelton JA (2005) Increasing prepregnancy body mass index: analysis of trends and contributing variables. Am J Obstet Gynecol 193:1994–1998 3. Heslehurst N, Ells LJ, Simpson H, Batterham A, Wilkinson J, Summerbella CD (2007) Trends in maternal obesity incidence rates, demographic predictors, and health inequalities in 36821 women over a 15-year period. BJOG 114:187–194 4. Siega-Riz AM, Siega-Riz AM, Laraia B (2006) The implications of maternal overweight and obesity on the course of pregnancy and birth outcomes. Matern Child Health J 10:S153–S156 5. Ramachenderan J, Bradford J, McLean M (2008) Maternal obesity and pregnancy complications: a review. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 48:228–235 6. Rasmussen SA, Chu SY, Kim SY, Schmid CH, Lau J (2008) Maternal obesity and risk of neural tube defects: a metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 198:611–619 7. Practice Committee of American Society for Reproductive Medicine (2008) Obesity and reproduction: an educational bulletin. Fertil Steril 90:S21–S29 8. Wolf M, Kettyle E, Sandler L, Ecker JL, Roberts J, Thadhani R (2001) Obesity and preeclampsia: the potential role of inflammation. Obstet Gynecol 98:757–762 9. Ramsey JA, Ferrel WR, Crawford L, Wallace AM, Greer IA, Sattar N (2002) Maternal obesity is associated with dysregulation of metabolic, vascular, and inflammatory pathways. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:4231–4237 10. Madan JC, Davis JM, Craig WY, Collins M, Allan W, Quinn R et al (2009) Maternal obesity and markers of inflammation in pregnancy. Cytokine 47:61–64 11. Stewart FM, Freeman DJ, Ramsay JE, Greer IA, Caslake M, Ferrell WR (2007) Longitudinal assessment of maternal endothelial function and markers of inflammation and placental function throughout pregnancy in lean and obese mothers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:969–975 12. Radaelli T, Uvena-Celebrezze J, Minium J, Huston-Presley L, Catalano P, Hauguel-de Mouzon S (2006) Maternal interleukin-6: marker of fetal growth and adiposity. J Soc Gynecol Investig 13:53–57 13. Cinti S, Mitchell G, Barbatelli G, Murano I, Ceresi E, Faloia E et al (2005) Adipocyte death defines macrophage localization and function in adipose tissue of obese mice and humans. J Lipid Res 46:2347–2355 14. Weisberg SP, McCann D, Desai M, Rosenbaum M, Leibel RL, Ferrante AW Jr (2003) Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. J Clin Invest 112:1796–1808 15. Visser M, Bouter LM, McQuillan GM, Wener MH, Harris TB (1999) Elevated C-reactive protein levels in overweight and obese adults. JAMA 282:2131–2135 16. Coppak SW (2001) Pro-inflammatory cytokines and adipose tissue. Proc Nutr Soc 60:349–356 17. Yudkin JS, Stehouwer CD, Emeis JJ, Coppack SW (1999) C-reactive protein in healthy subjects: associations with obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction: a potential role for cytokines originating from adipose tissue? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19:972–978 18. Retnakaran R, Hanley AJG, Raif N, Connelly PW, Sermer M, Zinman B (2003) C-reactive protein and gestational diabetes: the central role of maternal obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:3507–3512 19. Teran E, Escudero C, Moya W, Flores M, Vallance P, Lopez-Jaramillo P (2001) Elevated C-reactive protein and pro-inflammatory cytokines in Andean women with pre-eclampsia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 75:243–249 20. Hvilsom GB, Thorsen P, Jeune B, Bakketeig LS (2002) C-reactive protein: a serological marker for preterm delivery? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 81:424–429 21. Yoon BH, Jun JK, Park KH, Syn HC, Gomez R, Romero R (1996) Serum C-reactive protein, white blood cell count, and amniotic fluid white blood cell count in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes. Obstet Gynecol 88:1034–1040 22. Wolf M, Sandler L, Hsu K, Vossen-Smirnakis K, Ecker JL, Thadhani R (2003) First trimester C-reactive protein and subsequent gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care 26:819–824 23. Qiu C, Sorensen TK, Luthy DA, Williams MA (2004) A prospective study of maternal serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 18:377–384 24. Sacks GP, Seyani L, Lavery S, Trew G (2004) Maternal C-reactive protein levels are raised at 4 weeks gestation. Hum Reprod 19:1025–1030 25. Pollitt RA, Kaufman JS, Rose KM, Diez-Roux AV, Zeng D, Heiss G (2007) Early-life and adult socioeconomic status and inflammatory risk markers in adulthood. Eur J Epidemiol 22:55–66 26. Friedman EM, Herd P (2010) Income, education, and inflammation: differential associations in a national probability sample (the MIDUS study). Psychosom Med 72:290–300 27. Pollitt RA, Kaufman JS, Rose KM, Diez-Roux AV, Zeng D, Heiss G (2008) Cumulative life course and adult socioeconomic status and markers of inflammation in adulthood. J Epidemiol Community Health 62:484–491 28. Phillips JE, Marsland AL, Flory JD, Muldoon MF, Cohen S, Manuck SB (2009) Parental education is related to C-reactive protein among female middle-aged community volunteers. Brain Behav Immun 23:677–683 29. Eder K, Baffy N, Falus A, Fulop AK (2009) The major inflammatory mediator interleukin-6 and obesity. Inflamm Res 59:727–736 30. Pou KM, Massaro JM, Hoffmann U, Vasan RS, Maurovich-Horvat P, Larson MG et al (2007) Visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue volumes are cross-sectionally related to markers of inflammation and oxidative stress: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 116:1234–1241 31. Khaodhiar L, Ling PR, Blackburn GL, Bistrian BR (2004) Serum levels of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein correlate with body mass index across the broad range of obesity. JPEN 28:410–415 32. Vozarova B, Weyer C, Hanson K, Tataranni PA, Bogardus C, Pratley RE (2001) Circulating interleukin-6 in relation to adiposity, insulin action, and insulin secretion. Obes Res 9:414–417 33. Rexrode KM, Pradhan A, Manson JE, Buring JE, Ridker PM (2003) Relationship of total and abdominal adiposity with CRP and IL-6 in women. Ann Epidemiol 13:674–682 34. De Lorenzo A, Del Gobbo V, Premrov MG, Bigioni M, Galvano F, Di Renzo L (2007) Normal-weight obese syndrome: early inflammation? Am J Clin Nutr 85:40–45 35. Karelis AD, Faraj M, Bastard J-P, St-Pierre DH, Brochu M, Prud’homme D et al (2005) The metabolically healthy but obese individual presents a favorable inflammation profile. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:4145–4150 36. Woods SC, D’Alessio D (2008) Central control of body weight and appetite. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:S37–S50 37. Ruhl CE, Harris TB, Ding J, Goodpaster BH, Kanaya AM, Kritchevsky SB et al (2007) Body mass index and serum leptin concentration independently estimate percentage body fat in older adults. Am J Clin Nutr 85:1121–1126 38. Brannian JD, Schmidt SM, Kreger DO, Hansen KA (2001) Baseline non-fasting serum leptin concentration to body mass index ratio is predictive of IVF outcomes. Hum Reprod 16:1819–1826 39. Hauguel-Mouzon S, Lepercq J, Catalano PM (2006) The known and unknown of leptin in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 194:1537–1545 40. Highman T, Friedman J, Huston L, Wong W, Catalano P (1998) Longitudinal changes in maternal leptin serum concentrations, body composition and resting metabolic rate in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 178:1010–1015