An optical view of BL Lacertae objects

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• 作者：Renato Falomo (1)
  Elena Pian (2) (3) (4)
  Aldo Treves (5) (6) (7)
  
  1. INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova ; Vicolo dell鈥橭sservatorio 5 ; 35122 ; Padua ; Italy
  2. INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica ; Via P. Gobetti 101 ; 40129 ; Bologna ; Italy
  3. Scuola Normale Superiore ; Piazza dei Cavalieri 7 ; 56126 ; Pisa ; Italy
  4. Sezione di Pisa ; INFN ; Pisa ; Italy
  5. Universit脿 dell鈥橧nsubria ; Via Valleggio 11 ; 22100 ; Como ; Italy
  6. Sezione di Milano Bicsocca ; INFN ; Milan ; Italy
  7. ICRA ; Milan ; Italy
  
• 关键词：Galaxies ; active ; Galaxies ; nuclei ; Galaxies ; jets ; BL Lacertae objects ; general ; Quasars ; supermassive black holes ; Radiation mechanisms ; non ; thermal
• 刊名：The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review
• 出版年：2014
• 出版时间：October 2014
• 年：2014
• 卷：22
• 期：1
• 全文大小：4,016 KB
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• 刊物类别：Physics and Astronomy
• 刊物主题：Physics
  Astrophysics
  Geophysics and Geodesy
  Astronomy
  Extraterrestrial Physics and Space Sciences
  
• 出版者：Springer Berlin Heidelberg
• ISSN：1432-0754

文摘

BL Lac objects are active nuclei, hosted in massive elliptical galaxies, the emission of which is dominated by a relativistic jet closely aligned with the line of sight. This implies the existence of a parent population of sources with a misaligned jet that have been identified with low-power radiogalaxies. The spectrum of BL Lacs, dominated by non-thermal emission over the whole electromagnetic range, together with bright compact radio cores, high luminosities, rapid and large amplitude flux variability at all frequencies and strong polarization makes these sources an optimal laboratory for high energy astrophysics. A most distinctive characteristic of the class is the weakness or absence of spectral lines, that historically hindered the identification of their nature and ever thereafter proved to be a hurdle in the determination of their distance. In this paper, we review the main observational facts that contribute to the present basic interpretation of this class of active galaxies. We overview the history of the BL Lac objects research field and their population as it emerged from multi-wavelength surveys. The properties of the flux variability and polarization, compared with those at radio, X-ray and gamma-ray frequencies, are summarized together with the present knowledge of the host galaxies, their environments, and central black hole masses. We focus this review on the optical observations, which played a crucial role in the early phase of BL Lacs studies, and in spite of extensive radio, X-ray, and recently gamma-ray observations, could represent the future major contribution to the unveiling of the origin of these sources. In particular, they could provide a firm conclusion on the long debated issue of the cosmic evolution of this class of active galactic nuclei and on the connection between formation of supermassive black holes and relativistic jets.