Detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology of the Siwalik Group of the Nepal Himalaya: implications for provenance analysis

详细信息    查看全文

• 作者：Upendra Baral ; Ding Lin ; Deepak Chamlagain
• 关键词：U–Pb geochronology ; Provenance ; Siwalik Group ; Nepal Himalaya
• 刊名：International Journal of Earth Sciences
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：April 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：105
• 期：3
• 页码：921-939
• 全文大小：6,633 KB
• 参考文献：Aikman AB, Harrison TM, Lin D (2008) Evidence for early (>44 Ma) Himalayan crustal thickening, Tethyan Himalaya, southeastern Tibet. Earth Planet Sci Lett 274(1):14–23CrossRef
  Appel E, Rösler W, Corvinus G (1991) Magnetostratigraphy of the Miocene–Pleistocene Surai Khola Siwaliks in west Nepal. Geophys J Int 105(1):191–198CrossRef
  Bernet M, van der Beek P, Pik R, Huyghe P, Mugnier JL, Labrin E, Szulc A (2006) Miocene to recent exhumation of the central Himalaya determined from combined detrital zircon fission-track and U/Pb analysis of Siwalik sediments, western Nepal. Basin Res 18(4):393–412CrossRef
  Burbank D, Beck R, Mulder T (1996) The Himalayan foreland basin. In: Yin A, Harrison TM (eds) The tectonic evolution of Asia. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 149–188
  Cai F, Ding L, Yue Y (2011) Provenance analysis of upper Cretaceous strata in the Tethys Himalaya, southern Tibet: implications for timing of India–Asia collision. Earth Planet Sci Lett 305(1):195–206CrossRef
  Carosi R, Lombardo B, Musumeci G, Pertusati PC (1999) Geology of the higher Himalayan crystallines in Khumbu Himal (eastern Nepal). J Asian Earth Sci 17(5–6):785–803CrossRef
  Catlos EJ, Harrison TM, Kohn MJ, Grove M, Ryerson FJ, Manning CE, Upreti BN (2001) Geochronologic and thermobarometric constraints on the evolution of the Main Central Thrust, central Nepal Himalaya. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 106(B8):16177–16204CrossRef
  Catlos EJ, Harrison TM, Manning CE, Grove M, Rai SM, Hubbard MS, Upreti BN (2002) Records of the evolution of the Himalayan orogen from in situ Th–Pb ion microprobe dating of monazite: eastern Nepal and western Garhwal. J Asian Earth Sci 20(5):459–479CrossRef
  Cawood PA, Nemchin AA (2001) Paleogeographic development of the east Laurentian margin: constraints from U–Pb dating of detrital zircons in the Newfoundland Appalachians. Geol Soc Am Bull 113(9):1234–1246CrossRef
  Cawood PA, Johnson MRW, Nemchin AA (2007) Early Palaeozoic orogenesis along the Indian margin of Gondwana: tectonic response to Gondwana assembly. Earth Planet Sci Lett 255(1–2):70–84CrossRef
  Chirouze F, Bernet M, Huyghe P, Erens V, Dupont-Nivet G, Senebier F (2012) Detrital thermochronology and sediment petrology of the middle Siwaliks along the Muksar Khola section in eastern Nepal. J Asian Earth Sci 44:94–106CrossRef
  Chirouze F, Huyghe P, van der Beek P, Chauvel C, Chakraborty T, Dupont-Nivet G, Bernet M (2013) Tectonics, exhumation, and drainage evolution of the eastern Himalaya since 13 Ma from detrital geochemistry and thermochronology, Kameng River section, Arunachal Pradesh. Geol Soc Am Bull 125(3–4):523–538CrossRef
  Corvinus G (1988) The mio-plio-pleistocene litho-and biostratigraphy of the Surai Khola Siwaliks in west-Nepal: first results. Comptes rendus de l’Académie des sciences. Série 2, Mécanique, Physique, Chimie, Sciences de l’univers, Sciences de la Terre 306(20):1471–1477
  Corvinus G (1993) The Siwalik group of sediments at Surai khola in western Nepal and its palaeontological record. J Nepal Geol Soc 9:21–35
  Corvinus G, Nanda AC (1994) Stratigraphy, and palaeontology of the Siwalik Group of Surai Khola and Rato Khola in Nepal. (With 11 figures and 9 tables in the text). Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie-Abhandlungen 191(1):25–68
  Critelli S, Garzanti E (1994) Provenance of the Lower Tertiary Murree redbeds (Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis, Pakistan) and initial rising of the Himalayas. Sediment Geol 89(3–4):265–284CrossRef
  DeCelles PG, Giles KA (1996) Foreland basin systems. Basin Res 8(2):105–123CrossRef
  DeCelles P, Gehrels G, Quade J, Ojha T, Kapp P, Upreti B (1998a) Neogene foreland basin deposits, erosional unroofing, and the kinematic history of the Himalayan fold-thrust belt, western Nepal. Geol Soc Am Bull 110(1):2–21CrossRef
  DeCelles PG, Gehrels GE, Quade J, Ojha T (1998b) Eocene-early Miocene foreland basin development and the history of Himalayan thrusting, western and central Nepal. Tectonics 17(5):741–765CrossRef
  DeCelles P, Gehrels G, Quade J, LaReau B, Spurlin M (2000) Tectonic implications of U–Pb zircon ages of the Himalayan orogenic belt in Nepal. Science 288(5465):497–499CrossRef
  DeCelles PG, Robinson DM, Quade J, Ojha T, Garzione CN, Copeland P, Upreti BN (2001) Stratigraphy, structure, and tectonic evolution of the Himalayan fold-thrust belt in western Nepal. Tectonics 20(4):487–509CrossRef
  DeCelles PG, Gehrels GE, Najman Y, Martin AJ, Carter A, Garzanti E (2004) Detrital geochronology and geochemistry of Cretaceous–early Miocene strata of Nepal: implications for timing and diachroneity of initial Himalayan orogenesis. Earth Planet Sci Lett 227(3–4):313–330CrossRef
  DeCelles PG, Kapp P, Gehrels GE, Ding L (2014) Paleocene-Eocene foreland basin evolution in the Himalaya of southern Tibet and Nepal: implications for the age of initial India-Asia collision. Tectonics 33(5):824–849CrossRef
  Dhital M (1992) Lithostratigraphic comparison of three diamictite successions of Nepal Lesser Himalaya. J Nepal Geol Soc 8:43–54
  Dhital M, Gajurel A, Pathak D, Paudel L, Kizaki K (1995) Geology and structure of the Siwaliks and Lesser Himalaya in the Surai Khola–Bardanda area, mid western Nepal. Bull Dept Geol Tribhuvan Univ 4:1–70
  Dickinson WR (1970) Interpreting detrital modes of graywacke and arkose. J Sediment Res 40(2):695–707
  Dickinson WR (1985) Interpreting provenance relations from detrital modes of sandstones. Proven Arenites 148:333–361CrossRef
  Ding L, Kapp P, Wan X (2005) Paleocene–Eocene record of ophiolite obduction and initial India-Asia collision, south central Tibet. Tectonics 24(3):TC3001CrossRef
  Dodson MH, Compston W, Williams IS, Wilson JF (1988) A search for ancient detrital zircons in Zimbabwean sediments. J Geol Soc 145(6):977–983CrossRef
  Gansser A (1964) Geology of the Himalayas. Interscience Publishers, London
  Gautam P, Rösler W (1999) Depositional chronology and fabric of Siwalik Group sediments in central Nepal from magnetostratigraphy and magnetic anisotropy. J Asian Earth Sci 17(5):659–682CrossRef
  Gautam P, Ulak PD, Paudayal KN, Gyawali BR, Bhandari S (2012) Magnetostratigraphic dating of the prime-time sedimentary record of Himalayan tectonics and climate: new age constraints (13–10 Ma) from the Siwaliks of the Tinau Khola north section, Nepal. Geophys J Int 190(3):1378–1392CrossRef
  Gazzi P (1966) Le arenarie del flysch sopracretaceo dell’Appennino modenese; correlazioni con il flysch di Monghidoro. Mineral Petrogr Acta 12:69–97
  Gehrels G, DeCelles P, Martin A, Ojha T, Pinhassi G, Upreti B (2003) Initiation of the Himalayan orogen as an early Paleozoic thin-skinned thrust belt. GSA Today 13(9):4–9CrossRef
  Gehrels G, DeCelles P, Ojha T, Upreti B (2006) Geologic and U–Th–Pb geochronologic evidence for early Paleozoic tectonism in the Kathmandu thrust sheet, central Nepal Himalaya. Geol Soc Am Bull 118(1–2):185–198CrossRef
  Gehrels G, Kapp P, DeCelles P, Pullen A, Blakey R, Weislogel A, Ding L, Guynn J, Martin A, McQuarrie N, Yin A (2011) Detrital zircon geochronology of pre-Tertiary strata in the Tibetan–Himalayan orogen. Tectonics 30(5):TC5016CrossRef
  Godin L, Brown RL, Hanmer S (1999a) High strain zone in the hanging wall of the Annapurna detachment, central Nepal Himalaya. In: Macfarlane A, Sorkhabi RB, Quade J (eds) Himalaya and Tibet: Mountain roots to mountain tops. Geological Society of America Special Paper 328, pp 199–210
  Godin L, Brown RL, Hanmer S, Parrish R (1999b) Back folds in the core of the Himalayan orogen: an alternative interpretation. Geology 27(2):151–154CrossRef
  Godin L, Parrish RR, Brown RL, Hodges KV (2001) Crustal thickening leading to exhumation of the Himalayan metamorphic core of central Nepal: insight from U–Pb geochronology and 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology. Tectonics 20(5):729–747CrossRef
  Guilbaud R, Bernet M, Huyghe P, Erens V, Chirouze F, Dupont-Nivet G (2012) On the influence of diagenesis on the original petrographic composition of Miocene–Pliocene fluvial sandstone in the Himalayan foreland basin of western-central Nepal. J Asian Earth Sci 44:107–116CrossRef
  Harrison TM, Copeland P, Hall SA, Quade J, Burner S, Ojha TP, Kidd W (1993) Isotopic preservation of Himalayan/Tibetan uplift, denudation, and climatic histories of two molasse deposits. J Geol 101(2):157–175CrossRef
  Harrison T, Ryerson FJ, Le Fort P, Yin A, Lovera OM, Catlos EJ (1997) A late Miocene–Pliocene origin for the Central Himalayan inverted metamorphism. Earth Planet Sci Lett 146(1–2):E1–E7CrossRef
  Hodges K, Hames W, Olszewski W, Burchfiel B, Royden L, Chen Z (1994) Thermobarometric and 40Ar/39Ar geochronologic constraints on Eohimalayan metamorphism in the Dinggyê area, southern Tibet. Contrib Miner Petrol 117(2):151–163CrossRef
  Hodges K, Parrish R, Searle M (1996) Tectonic evolution of the central Annapurna range, Nepalese Himalayas. Tectonics 15(6):1264–1291CrossRef
  Huyghe P, Galy A, Mugnier J-L, France-Lanord C (2001) Propagation of the thrust system and erosion in the Lesser Himalaya: geochemical and sedimentological evidence. Geology 29(11):1007–1010CrossRef
  Huyghe P, Mugnier JL, Gajurel AP, Delcaillau B (2005) Tectonic and climatic control of the changes in the sedimentary record of the Karnali River section (Siwaliks of western Nepal). Isl Arc 14(4):311–327CrossRef
  Ingersoll RV, Fullard TF, Ford RL, Grimm JP, Pickle JD, Sares SW (1984) The effect of grain size on detrital modes; a test of the Gazzi–Dickinson point-counting method. J Sediment Res 54(1):103–116
  Jain AK, Lal N, Sulemani B, Awasthi AK, Singh S, Kumar R, Kumar D (2009) Detrital-zircon fission-track ages from the Lower Cenozoic sediments, NW Himalayan foreland basin: clues for exhumation and denudation of the Himalaya during the India–Asia collision. Geol Soc Am Bull 121(3–4):519–535CrossRef
  Jalal P, Ghosh S (2012) Provenance of the Late Neogene Siwalik sandstone, Kumaun Himalayan Foreland Basin: constraints from the metamorphic rank and index of detrital rock fragments. J Earth Syst Sci 121(3):781–792CrossRef
  Johnson NM, Opdyke ND, Johnson GD, Lindsay EH, Tahirkheli R (1982) Magnetic polarity stratigraphy and ages of Siwalik Group rocks of the Potwar Plateau, Pakistan. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 37(1):17–42CrossRef
  Khanal S, Robinson DM (2013) Upper crustal shortening and forward modeling of the Himalayan thrust belt along the Budhi-Gandaki River, central Nepal. Int J Earth Sci 102(7):1871–1891CrossRef
  Khanal S, Robinson DM, Kohn MJ, Mandal S (2015) Evidence for a far-traveled thrust sheet in the Greater Himalayan thrust system, and an alternative model to building the Himalaya. Tectonics 34(1):31–52CrossRef
  Kohn MJ, Paul SK, Corrie SL (2010) The lower Lesser Himalayan sequence: a Paleoproterozoic arc on the northern margin of the Indian plate. Geol Soc Am Bull 122(3–4):323–335CrossRef
  Kundu A, Matin A, Mukul M (2012) Depositional environment and provenance of Middle Siwalik sediments in Tista valley, Darjiling District, Eastern Himalaya, India. J Earth Syst Sci 121(1):73–89CrossRef
  Martin AJ, DeCelles PG, Gehrels GE, Patchett PJ, Isachsen C (2005) Isotopic and structural constraints on the location of the Main Central thrust in the Annapurna Range, central Nepal Himalaya. Geol Soc Am Bull 117(7–8):926–944CrossRef
  McQuarrie N, Long SP, Tobgay T, Nesbit JN, Gehrels G, Ducea MN (2013) Documenting basin scale, geometry and provenance through detrital geochemical data: lessons from the Neoproterozoic to Ordovician Lesser, Greater, and Tethyan Himalayan strata of Bhutan. Gondwana Res 23(4):1491–1510CrossRef
  Miall A (1995) Collision-related foreland basins: tectonics of sedimentary basins. Blackwell Science, Oxford, pp 393–424
  Mishra M, Chakrapani GJ (2014) A grain size model for role of tectonics and climate on sedimentation in Siwaliks in Mohand Area. J Geol Soc India 84(1):105–113CrossRef
  Mugnier J, Leturmy P, Mascle G, Huyghe P, Chalaron E, Vidal G, Husson L, Delcaillau B (1999) The Siwaliks of western Nepal: I. Geometry and kinematics. J Asian Earth Sci 17(5):629–642CrossRef
  Myrow P, Hughes N, Paulsen T, Williams I, Parcha S, Thompson K, Bowring S, Peng S-C, Ahluwalia A (2003) Integrated tectonostratigraphic analysis of the Himalaya and implications for its tectonic reconstruction. Earth Planet Sci Lett 212(3):433–441CrossRef
  Najman Y (2006) The detrital record of orogenesis: a review of approaches and techniques used in the Himalayan sedimentary basins. Earth Sci Rev 74(1–2):1–72
  Najman Y, Garzanti E (2000) Reconstructing early Himalayan tectonic evolution and paleogeography from tertiary foreland basin sedimentary rocks, northern India. Geol Soc Am Bull 112(3):435–449CrossRef
  Najman Y, Pringle M, Godin L, Oliver G (2001) Dating of the oldest continental sediments from the Himalayan foreland basin. Nature 410(6825):194–197CrossRef
  Najman Y, Johnson K, White N, Oliver G (2004) Evolution of the Himalayan foreland basin, NW India. Basin Res 16(1):1–24CrossRef
  Najman Y, Bickle M, Garzanti E, Pringle M, Barfod D, Brozovic N, Burbank D, Ando S (2009) Reconstructing the exhumation history of the Lesser Himalaya, NW India, from a multitechnique provenance study of the foreland basin Siwalik Group. Tectonics 28(5):TC1508CrossRef
  Nakayama K, Ulak PD (1999) Evolution of fluvial style in the Siwalik Group in the foothills of the Nepal Himalaya. Sediment Geol 125(3):205–224CrossRef
  Ojha T, Butler R, Quade J, DeCelles P, Richards D, Upreti B (2000) Magnetic polarity stratigraphy of the Neogene Siwalik Group at Khutia Khola, far western Nepal. Geol Soc Am Bull 112(3):424–434CrossRef
  Ojha TP, Butler RF, DeCelles PG, Quade J (2009) Magnetic polarity stratigraphy of the Neogene foreland basin deposits of Nepal. Basin Res 21(1):61–90CrossRef
  Parrish RR, Hodges V (1996) Isotopic constraints on the age and provenance of the Lesser and Greater Himalayan sequences, Nepalese Himalaya. Geol Soc Am Bull 108(7):904–911CrossRef
  Patriat P, Achache J (1984) India–Eurasia collision chronology has implications for crustal shortening and driving mechanism of plates. Nature 311:615–621CrossRef
  Ranjan N, Banerjee D (2009) Central Himalayan crystallines as the primary source for the sandstone–mudstone suites of the Siwalik Group: new geochemical evidence. Gondwana Res 16(3):687–696CrossRef
  Ravikant V, Wu F-Y, Ji W-Q (2011) U–Pb age and Hf isotopic constraints of detrital zircons from the Himalayan foreland Subathu sub-basin on the Tertiary palaeogeography of the Himalaya. Earth Planet Sci Lett 304(3):356–368CrossRef
  Richards A, Argles T, Harris N, Parrish R, Ahmad T, Darbyshire F, Draganits E (2005) Himalayan architecture constrained by isotopic tracers from clastic sediments. Earth Planet Sci Lett 236(3):773–796CrossRef
  Robinson DM, DeCelles, PG, Copeland P (2006) Tectonic evolution of the Himalayan thrust belt in western Nepal: implications for channel flow models. Geol Soc Am Bull 118(7–8):865–885CrossRef
  Sah RB, Ulak PD, Gajure AP, Rimal LM (1994) Lithostratigraphy of Siwalik sediments of Amlekhganj-Hetauda area, Sub-Himalaya of Nepal. Himalayan Geol 15:37–48
  Sinclair H (1997) Tectonostratigraphic model for underfilled peripheral foreland basins: an Alpine perspective. Geol Soc Am Bull 109(3):324–346CrossRef
  Sláma J, Košler J, Condon DJ, Crowley JL, Gerdes A, Hanchar JM, Horstwood MS, Morris GA, Nasdala L, Norberg N (2008) Plešovice zircon—a new natural reference material for U–Pb and Hf isotopic microanalysis. Chem Geol 249(1):1–35CrossRef
  Szulc A, Najman Y, Sinclair H, Pringle M, Bickle M, Chapman H, Garzanti E, Ando S, Huyghe P, Mugnier JL (2006) Tectonic evolution of the Himalaya constrained by detrital 40Ar–39Ar, Sm–Nd and petrographic data from the Siwalik foreland basin succession, SW Nepal. Basin Res 18(4):375–391CrossRef
  Thiede RC, Ehlers TA, Bookhagen B, Strecker MR (2009) Erosional variability along the northwest Himalaya. J Geophys Res Earth Surf 114(F1):F01015CrossRef
  Tokuoka T, Takayasu K, Yoshida M, Hisatomi K (1986) The Churia (Siwalik) group of the Arung Khola area, west central Nepal. Mem Fac Sci Shimane Univ 20:135–210
  Tokuoka T, Takeda S, Yoshida M, Upreti B (1988) The Churia (Siwalik) Group in the western part of the Arung Khola area, west central Nepal. Mem Fac Sci Shimane Univ 22:131–140
  Tokuoka T, Takayasu K, Hisatomi K, Yamasaki H, Tanaka S, Konomatsu M, Sah R, Rai S (1990) Stratigraphy and geologic structures of the Churia (Siwalik) Group in the Tinau Khola–Binai Khola area, west central Nepal. Mem Fac Sci Shimane Univ 24:71–88
  Ulak PD (2005) Palaeohydrological reconstruction of Siwalik Group in Surai Khola. J Nepal Geol Soc 31:33–42
  Upreti B (1999) An overview of the stratigraphy and tectonics of the Nepal Himalaya. J Asian Earth Sci 17(5):577–606CrossRef
  Upreti BN, Le Fort P (1999) Lesser Himalayan crystalline nappes of Nepal: problems of their origin. Mem Geol Soc Am Spec Pap 328:225–238
  Vannay J-C, Grasemann B, Rahn M, Frank W, Carter A, Baudraz V, Cosca M (2004) Miocene to Holocene exhumation of metamorphic crustal wedges in the NW Himalaya: evidence for tectonic extrusion coupled to fluvial erosion. Tectonics 23(1):TC1014CrossRef
  Vermeesch P (2004) How many grains are needed for a provenance study? Earth Planet Sci Lett 224(3–4):441–451CrossRef
  White NM, Pringle M, Garzanti E, Bickle M, Najman Y, Chapman H, Friend P (2002) Constraints on the exhumation and erosion of the High Himalayan Slab, NW India, from foreland basin deposits. Earth Planet Sci Lett 195(1):29–44CrossRef
  Yin A (2006) Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Himalayan orogen as constrained by along-strike variation of structural geometry, exhumation history, and foreland sedimentation. Earth Sci Rev 76(1):1–131CrossRef
  
• 作者单位：Upendra Baral (1) (2)
  Ding Lin (1)
  Deepak Chamlagain (3)
  
  1. Key Laboratory of Continental Collision and Plateau Uplift, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, and Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
  2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
  3. Department of Geology, Tri Chandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  
• 刊物类别：Earth and Environmental Science
• 刊物主题：Earth sciences
  Geology
  Geophysics and Geodesy
  
• 出版者：Springer Berlin / Heidelberg
• ISSN：1437-3262

文摘

This paper deals with the provenance analysis of the Neogene foreland basin sediments of the Siwalik Group in the Nepal Himalaya. This study adopts the techniques of the optical petrography and detrital zircon U–Pb ages from two river sections: the Koshi Nadi in eastern Nepal and the Surai Khola in western Nepal Himalaya. The optical petrography data and resulting QFL plot show a “recycled orogeny” field for the studied sandstone samples, indicating northern lithotectonic units; Tethys Himalaya, Higher Himalaya and Lesser Himalaya as the source of the foreland basin sediments. The detrital zircon geochronological data set has clearly revealed that the cluster ages are younger than ~1000 Ma; however, the older grains (>1000 Ma) are significantly fewer. The obtained age spectrum is similar to the Tethys Himalaya and the upper Lesser Himalaya, but the lower Lesser Himalayan rocks were not distinct, which indicates that sediments in the Neogene foreland basin of the Nepal Himalaya were primarily sourced from the Tethys Himalaya and upper Lesser Himalaya. The minor subordinate scattered peaks that roughly correspond to the age of the Higher Himalaya and lower Lesser Himalaya may indicate that a lower proportion of the sediments might have a link with the Higher Himalaya and lower Lesser Himalaya. Therefore, the provenance of the Siwalik Group in the Nepal Himalaya might have witnessed a mixed type of provenance similar to the northwestern Himalaya.