文摘
Far-infrared functional nanocomposites were prepared by the coprecipitation method using natural tourmaline (XY3Z6Si6O18(BO3)3V3W, where X is Na+, Ca2+, K+, or vacancy; Y is Mg2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Mn3+, Cr3+, Li+, or Ti4+; Z is Al3+, Mg2+, Cr3+, or V3+; V is O2−, OH−; and W is O2−, OH−, or F−) powders, ammonium cerium(IV) nitrate and zirconium(IV) nitrate pentahydrate as raw materials. The reference sample tourmaline modified with ammonium cerium(IV) nitrate alone was also prepared by a similar precipitation route. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy show that Ce–Zr can further enhance the far-infrared emission properties of tourmaline than Ce alone. Through characterization by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the mechanism by which Ce(–Zr) acts on the far-infrared emission property of tourmaline was systematically studied. The XPS spectra show that the Fe3+ ratio inside tourmaline powders after heat treatment can be raised by doping Ce and further raised after adding Zr. Moreover, it is showed that Ce3+ is dominant inside the samples, but its dominance is replaced by Ce4+ outside. In addition, XRD results indicate the formation of CeO2 and Ce1−lic ">x Zr x O2 crystallites during the heat treatment, and further, TEM observations show they exist as nanoparticles on the surface of tourmaline powders. Based on these results, we attribute the improved far-infrared emission properties of Ce–Zr-doped tourmaline to the enhanced unit cell shrinkage of the tourmaline arisen from much more oxidation of Fe2+ (0.074 nm in radius) to Fe3+ (0.064 nm in radius) inside the tourmaline caused by Zr enhancing the redox shift between Ce4+ and Ce3+ via improving the oxygen mobility in the Ce–Zr crystal.