参考文献:1. Amback W (1974) The influence of cloudiness on the net radiation balance of a snow surface with high albedo. J Glac 13:73鈥?4 2. Bloom SC, Takacs LL, DaSilva AM, Ledvina D (1996) Data assimilation using incremental analysis updates. Mon Weather Rev 124:1256鈥?271 CrossRef 3. Bosilovich MG, Chen J, Robertson FR, Adler RF (2008) Evaluation of global precipitation in reanalyses. J Appl Meteorol Clim 47:2279鈥?299 CrossRef 4. Bosilovich MG, Robertson FR, Chen J (2011) Global energy and water budgets in MERRA. J Clim 24:5721鈥?739 CrossRef 5. Cavalieri D, Thorsten M, Comiso J (2004) Updated daily AMSR-E/aqua daily L3 25聽km brightness temperature and sea ice concentration polar grids V002, [May2007鈥揝ep 2007]. National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media, Boulder, CO 6. Chou MD, Suarez MJ (1999) A solar radiation parameterization for atmospheric studies. NASA technical report series on global modeling and data assimilation 104606, vol 15, p 40 7. Chou MD, Suarez MJ, Liang XZ, Yan MMH (2001) A thermal infrared radiation parameterization for atmospheric studies. NASA technical report series on global and data assimilation 104606, vol 19, p 56 8. Comiso JC, Parkinson CL, Gersten R, Stock L (2008) Accelerated decline in the Arctic sea ice cover. Geophys Res Lett 35:L01703 CrossRef 9. Cullather RI, Bosilovich MG (2011) The moisture budget of the polar atmosphere in MERRA. J Clim 24:2861鈥?879 CrossRef 10. Cullather RI, Bosilovich MG (2012) The energy budget of the polar atmosphere in MERRA. J Clim 25:5鈥?4 CrossRef 11. Curry JA, Rossow WB, Randall D, Schramm JL (1996) Overview of Arctic cloud and radiation characteristics. J Clim 9:1731鈥?764 CrossRef 12. Cuzzone J, Vavrus S (2011) The relationships between Arctic sea ice and cloudrelated variables in the ERA-Interim reanalysis and CCSM3. Environ Res Lett 6:014016. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/6/1/014016 CrossRef 13. Deser C, Walsh JE, Timlin MS (2000) Arctic sea ice variability in the context of recent atmospheric circulation trends. J Clim 13:617鈥?33 CrossRef 14. Dong X, Xi B, Minnis P (2006) A climatology of midlatitude continental clouds from ARM SGP site. Part II: cloud fraction and surface radiative forcing. J Clim 19:1765鈥?783 CrossRef 15. Dong X, Xi B, Crosby K, Long CN, Stone R, Shupe M (2010) A 10-year climatology of Arctic cloud fraction and radiative forcing at barrow, Alaska. J Geophys Res 115:D17212 CrossRef 16. Donohoe A, Battisti DS (2011) Atmospheric and surface contributions to planetary albedo. J Clim 24(16):4402鈥?418. doi:10.1175/2011JCLI3946.1 CrossRef 17. Drobot S, Stroeve J, Maslanik J, Emery W, Fowler C, Kay J (2008) Evolution of the 2007鈥?008 Arctic sea ice cover and prospects for a new record in 2008. Geophys Res Lett 35:L19501. doi:10.1029/2008GL035316 CrossRef 18. Francis JA, Hunter E (2006) New insight into the disappearing Arctic Sea ice. Eos Trans Am Geophys Union 87:509 CrossRef 19. Francis JA, Hunter E, Key J, Wang X (2005) Clues to variability in Arctic minimum sea ice extent. Geophys Res Lett 32:L21501 CrossRef 20. Giles KA, Laxon SW, Ridout AL (2008) Circumpolar thinning of Arctic sea ice following the 2007 record ice extent minimum. Geophys Res Lett 35:L22502. doi:10.1029/2008GL035710 CrossRef 21. Graversen RG, Mauritsen T, Drijfhout S, Tjernstrom M, Kallen E, Svensson G (2008) Vertical structure of recent Arctic warming. Nature 541:53鈥?6 CrossRef 22. Graversen RG, Mauritsen T, Drijfhout S, Tjernstrom M, Martensson S (2011) Warm from the Pacific caused extensive Arctic sea-ice melt in summer 2007. Clim Dyn 36:2103鈥?112. doi:10.1007/s00382-010-0809-z CrossRef 23. Haas C, Eicken H (2001) Interannual variability of summer sea ice thickness in the Siberian and central Arctic under different atmospheric circulation regimes. J Geophys Res 106:4449鈥?462 CrossRef 24. Harder M, Lemke P, Hilmer M (1998) Simulation of sea-ice transport through Fram Strait: natural variability and sensitivity to atmospheric forcing. J Geophys Res 103:5595鈥?606 CrossRef 25. Intrieri JM, Fairall CW, Shupe MD, Persson POG, Andreas EL, Guest PS, Moritz RE (2002) An annual cycle of Arctic surface cloud forcing at SHEBA. J Geophys Res 107. doi:10.1029/2000JC000439 26. Kay JE, Gettleman A (2009) Cloud influence on and response to seasonal Arctic sea ice loss. J Geophys Res 114:D18204 CrossRef 27. Kay JE, L鈥橢cuyer T, Gettleman A, Stephens G, O鈥橠ell C (2008) The contribution of cloud and radiation anomalies to the 2007 Arctic sea ice extent minimum. Geophys Res Lett 35:L08503. doi:10.1029/2008GL033451 28. Kennedy JJ, Titchner HA, Hardwick J, Beswick M, Parker DE (2007) Global and regional climate in 2007. Weather 62:232鈥?42 CrossRef 29. Kwok R (2008) Summer sea ice motion from the 18聽GHz channel of AMSR-E and the exchange of sea ice between the Pacific and Atlantic sectors. Geophys Res Lett 35:L03504 CrossRef 30. Levermann A, Mignot J, Nawrath S, Rahmstorf S (2007) The role of northern sea ice cover for the weakening of the thermohaline circulation under global warming. J Clim 20:4160鈥?171 CrossRef 31. Lin B, Minnis P, Fan TF, Hu Y, Sun W (2010a) Radiation characteristics of low and high clouds in different oceanic regions observed by CERES and MODIS. Int J Remote Sens 31:6473鈥?492. doi:10.1080/01431160903548005 CrossRef 32. Lin B, Chambers L, Stackhouse P Jr, Wielicki B, Hu Y, Minnis P, Loeb N, Sun W, Potter G, Min Q, Schuster G, Fan TF (2010b) Estimations of climate sensitivity based on top-of-atmosphere radiation imbalance. Atmos Chem Phys 10:1923鈥?930 CrossRef 33. Lindsay RW, Zhang J, Schweiger AJ, Steele MA, Stern H (2009) Arctic sea ice retreat in 2007 follows thinning trend. J Clim 22:165鈥?76. doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2521 CrossRef 34. Maslanik JA, Fowler C, Stroeve J, Drobot S, Zwally J, Yi D, Emery W (2007a) A younger, thinner Arctic ice cover: increased potential for rapid, extensive sea-ice loss. Geophys Res Lett 34:L24501 CrossRef 35. Maslanik JA, Drobot S, Fowler C, Emery W, Barry R (2007b) On the Arctic climate paradox and the continuing role of atmospheric circulation in affecting sea ice conditions. Geophys Res Lett 34:L03711 36. Ogi M, Rigor IG, McPhee MG, Wallace JM (2008) Summer retreat of Arctic sea ice: role of summer winds. Geophys Res Lett 35:L24701 CrossRef 37. Ohmura A et al (1998) Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN/WCRP): new precision radiometery for climate change research. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 79:2115鈥?136 CrossRef 38. Overland JE, Wang M (2010) Large-scale atmospheric circulation changes associated with the recent loss of Arctic sea ice. Tellus 62A:1鈥? CrossRef 39. Overland JE, Wang M, Salo S (2008) The recent Arctic warm period. Tellus 60A:589鈥?97 CrossRef 40. Peixoto JP, Oort AH (1992) Physics of climate. American Institute of Physics, New York, p 520 41. Perovich DK, Richter-Menge JA, Jones KF, Light B (2008) Sunlight, water, and ice: extreme Arctic sea ice melt during the summer of 2007. Geophys Res Lett 35(11):L11501 CrossRef 42. Philipona R, D眉rr B, Ohmura A, Ruchstuhl C (2005) Anthropogenic greenhouse forcing and strong water vapor feedback increase temperature in Europe. GRL 32. doi:10.1029/2005GL023624 43. Polyakov IV et al (2010) Arctic Ocean warming contributes to reduced polar ice cap. J Phys Oceanogr 40:2743鈥?756. doi:10.1175/2010JPO4339.1 CrossRef 44. Porter DF, Cassano JJ, Serreze MC, Kindig DN (2010) New estimates of the large-scale Arctic atmospheric energy budget. J Geophys Res-Atmos 115. doi:10.1029/2009JD012653 45. Porter DF, Cassano JJ, Serreze MC (2011) Analysis of the Arctic atmospheric energy budget in WRF: a comparison with reanalyses and satellite observations, J Geophys Res 116(D22). doi:10.1029/2011JD016622 46. Richter鈥怣enge J et al (2008) Arctic report card 2008. http://www.noaa/arctic/gov/reportcard/ 47. Rienecker MM et al (2008) The GEOS-5 data assimilation system鈥攄ocumentation of versions 5.0.1, 5.1.0, and 5.2.0. Technical report series on global modeling and data assimilation 104606, vol 27 48. Rienecker MM et al (2011) MERRA: NASA鈥檚 modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications. J Clim 24:3624鈥?648 CrossRef 49. Robertson FR, Bosilovich MG, Chen J, Miller TL (2011) The effect of satellite observing system changes on MERRA water and energy fluxes. J Clim 24:5197鈥?217 CrossRef 50. Schweiger AJ, Zhang J, Lindsay RW, Steele M (2008) Did unusually sunny skies help drive the record sea ice minimum of 2007? Geophys Res Lett 35:L10503 CrossRef 51. Shimada K, Kamoshida T, Itoh M, Nishino S, Carmack E, McLaughlin FA, Zimmermann S, Proshutinsky A (2006) Pacific Ocean inflow: influence on catastrophic reduction of sea ice cover in the Arctic Ocean. Geophys Res Lett 33:L08605. doi:10.1029/2005GL025624 52. Stroeve J, Holland MM, Meier W, Scambos T, Serreze M (2007) Arctic sea ice decline: faster than forecast. Geophys Res Lett 34:L09501 CrossRef 53. Vavrus S, Holland MM, Jahn A, Dailey DA, Blazey BA (2012) 21st-century Arctic climate change in CCSM4. J Clim 25:2676鈥?695 CrossRef 54. Zhang J, Lindsay R, Steele M, Schweiger A (2008a) What drove the dramatic retreat of arctic sea ice during summer 2007? Geophys Res Lett 35:L11505 CrossRef 55. Zhang X, Sorteberg A, Zhang J, Gerdes R, Comiso JC (2008b) Recent radical shifts of atmospheric circulations and rapid changes in Arctic climate system. Geophys Res Lett 35:L22701 CrossRef 56. Zib B, Dong X, Xi B, Kennedy A (2012) Evaluation and intercomparison of cloud fraction and radiative fluxes in recent reanalyses over the Arctic using BSRN surface observations. J Clim 25:2291鈥?305 CrossRef
作者单位:Xiquan Dong (1) (2) Behnjamin J. Zib (2) Baike Xi (2) Ryan Stanfield (2) Yi Deng (3) Xiangdong Zhang (4) Bing Lin (5) Charles N. Long (6)
1. GCESS, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China 2. The Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of North Dakota, 4149 University Ave. Stop 9006, Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9006, USA 3. School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA 4. Department of Atmospheric Sciences, International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbank, Fairbank, AK, USA 5. NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA 6. DOE Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA