Hydrothermal Carbonisation of Empty Palm Oil Fruit Bunches: Laboratory Trials, Plant Simulation, Carbon Avoidance, and Economic Feasibility

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• 作者：Jan Stemann (1)
  Berit Erlach (1)
  Felix Ziegler (1)
  
• 关键词：Biomass ; Upgrading ; Solid biofuel ; Plant simulation ; Carbon avoidance ; Economic feasibility
• 刊名：Waste and Biomass Valorization
• 出版年：2013
• 出版时间：September 2013
• 年：2013
• 卷：4
• 期：3
• 页码：441-454
• 全文大小：516KB
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• 作者单位：Jan Stemann (1)
  Berit Erlach (1)
  Felix Ziegler (1)
  
  1. Department of Energy Engineering, Technische Universit?t Berlin, Marchstr. 18, 10587, Berlin, Germany
  

文摘

Empty fruit bunches (EFB) from the production of palm oil constitute a significant and increasingly problematic waste stream. Direct firing is hindered by a water content of 65?%. This paper investigates hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) as one method of upgrading EFB waste to an exportable fuel. We first undertook bench experiments using EFB from Sumatra, Indonesia. The reactor was operated at 220?°C and the product was dewatered with a laboratory piston press to a water content of 32-7?%. The resulting dried HTC coal has an HHV of 28?MJ/kg and the process achieves an energetic yield of 73?%. If the process water is reused, the yield increases to 77?%. Between 10 and 80?% of the inorganic compounds remain dissolved in the process water. These results are used to calibrate a simulation model of an industrial scale HTC plant, using Aspen Plus software. Investment and operating costs are estimated for plant capacities of 0.04-.1 megatonnes per year. 16?kJ of electricity and 67?kJ of boiler fuel are required for each MJ of EFB processed. The landed cost in Europe, with shipping, is 7.9-.7??GJ. Avoided greenhouse gas emissions can improve the economics: EFB are routinely dumped and release methane and the HTC coal can replace bituminous coal in power stations. The avoided net emissions are 190 and 100?kg?CO2eq/GJ of HTC coal for avoided methane and avoided carbon dioxide, respectively.