Swears in Context: The Difference Between Casual and Abusive Swearing
详细信息 查看全文
- 作者：Hansika Kapoor
- 关键词：Swear words ; Taboo words ; Casual swearing ; Abusive swearing ; Contextual swearing
- 刊名：Journal of Psycholinguistic Research
- 出版年：2016
- 出版时间：April 2016
- 年：2016
- 卷：45
- 期：2
- 页码：259-274
- 全文大小：838 KB
- 参考文献：Allan, K. (2007). The pragmatics of connotation. Journal of Pragmatics, 39(6), 1047–1057. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2006.08.004 .CrossRef
Allan, K., & Burridge, K. (2006). Forbidden words: Taboo and the censoring of language. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
Barbieri, F. (2008). Patterns of age-based linguistic variation in American English. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 12(1), 58–88. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9841.2008.00353.x .CrossRef
Beers-Fägersten, K. (2007). A sociolinguistic analysis of swear word offensiveness. Saarland Working Papers in Linguistics (SWPL), 1, pp. 14–37. Retrieved from http://scidok.sulb.uni-saarland.de/
Beers-Fägersten, K. (2012). Who’s swearing now? The social aspects of conversational swearing. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu/ .
Bowers, J. S., & Pleydell-Pearce, C. W. (2011). Swearing, euphemisms, and linguistic relativity. PloS One, 6(7), e22341. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022341 .CrossRef PubMed PubMedCentral
Burgoon, J. K. (1993). Interpersonal expectations, expectancy violations, and emotional communication. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 12(1–2), 30–48. doi:10.1177/0261927X93121003 .CrossRef
DeKlerk, V. (1991). Expletives: Men only? Communication Monographs, 58(2), 156–169. doi:10.1080/03637759109376220 .CrossRef
Dewaele, J.-M. (2004a). Blistering barnacles! What language do multilinguals swear in?! Estudios de Sociolinguistica, 5(1):83–105. Retrieved from http://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/
Dewaele, J.-M. (2004b). The emotional force of swearwords and taboo words in the speech of multilinguals. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 25(2–3), 204–222. doi:10.1080/01434630408666529 .CrossRef
Fernandez, R. J. J. (2008). Swear words used by male Indian undergraduates in daily conversation. Master’s thesis, Faculty of Languages and Linguistics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. Retrieved from http://dspace.fsktm.um.edu
Fine, M. G., & Johnson, F. L. (1984). Female and male motives for using obscenity. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 3(1), 59–74. doi:10.1177/0261927X8431004 .CrossRef
Foote, R., & Woodward, J. (1973). A preliminary investigation of obscene language. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 83(2), 263–275. doi:10.1080/00223980.1973.9915614 .CrossRef
Harris, C. L., Aycicegi, A., & Gleason, J. B. (2003). Taboo words and reprimands elicit greater autonomic reactivity in a first language than in a second language. Applied Psycholinguistics, 24(4), 561–579. doi:10.1017/S0142716403000286 .CrossRef
Hughes, G. (1991). Swearing: A social history of foul language, oaths and profanity in English. Retrieved from http://books.google.co.in/books
Janschewitz, K. (2008). Taboo, emotionally valenced, and emotionally neutral word norms. Behavior Research Methods, 40(4), 1065–1074. doi:10.3758/BRM.40.4.1065 .CrossRef PubMed
Jay, T. B. (1980). Sex roles and dirty word usage: A review of the literature and a reply to Haas. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 614–621. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.614 .CrossRef
Jay, T. B. (1981). Comprehending dirty-word descriptions. Language and Speech, 24(1), 29–38. doi:10.1177/002383098102400102 .
Jay, T. B. (2009). The utility and ubiquity of taboo words. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(2), 153–161. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01115.x .CrossRef PubMed
Jay, T. B., & Janschewitz, K. (2008). The pragmatics of swearing. Journal of Politeness Research: Language, Behaviour, Culture, 4(2), 267–288. doi:10.1515/JPLR.2008.013 .CrossRef
Johnson, D. I. (2012). Swearing by peers in the work setting: Expectancy violation valence, perceptions of message, and perceptions of speaker. Communication Studies, 63(2), 136–151. doi:10.1080/10510974.2011.638411 .CrossRef
Johnson, D. I., & Lewis, N. (2010). Perceptions of swearing in the work setting: An expectancy violations theory perspective. Communication Reports, 23(2), 106–118. doi:10.1080/08934215.2010.511401 .CrossRef
Karjalainen, M. (2002). Where have all the swearwords gone? An analysis of the loss of swearwords in two Swedish translations of J. D. Salinger’s Catcher in the Rye. Master’s Thesis, University of Helsinki, Finland. Retrieved from https://helda.helsinki.fi/
McEnery, T. (2006). Swearing in English: Bad language, purity and power from 1586 to the present. London: Routledge.
Martensson, S. (2013). Sociolinguistics of swearing: A corpus-based investigation of male and female use of damn, darn, hell and heck in soap operas compared to real life. Sweden: Linnaeus University.
Mohr, M. (2013). Holy Sh*t: A brief history of swearing. Oxford University Press. Retrieved from http://books.google.co.in/
Murphy, B. (2009). ‘She’s a fucking ticket’: The pragmatics of fuck in Irish English—An age and gender perspective. Corpora, 4(1), 85–106. doi:10.3366/E1749503209000239 .CrossRef
Nasution, R. F., & Rosa, R. N. (2012). Swearwords found in chat room Yahoo messenger. English Language and Literature E-Journal, 84–93. Retrieved from http://ejournal.unp.ac.id/
Pilotti, M., Almand, J., Mahamane, S., & Martinez, M. (2012). Taboo words in expressive language: Do sex and primary language matter? American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 2(2), 17–26. Retrieved from http://www.aijcrnet.com/
Pinker, S. (2007). The stuff of thought : Language as a window into human nature. New York: Viking.
Reips, U.-D. (2002). Standards for Internet-based experimenting. Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift Für Experimentelle Psychologie), 49(4), 243–256. doi:10.1027//1618-3169.49.4.243 .CrossRef
Reynolds, W. M. (1982). Development of reliable and valid short forms of the Marlowe–Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38(1), 119–125. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198201)38:1<119:AID-JCLP2270380118>3.0.CO;2-I .
Rieber, R. W., Wiedemann, C., & D’Amato, J. (1979). Obscenity: Its frequency and context of usage as compared in males, nonfeminist females, and feminist females. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 8(3), 201–223. doi:10.1007/BF01067305 .CrossRef
Sapolsky, B. S., & Kaye, B. K. (2005). The use of offensive language by men and women in prime time television entertainment. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 13(4), 292–303. doi:10.1207/s15456889ajc1304_5 .
Spears, J. L. (2011). U.S. Patent No. 2011/0191105 A1. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Spinney, L. (2007). The science of swearing. New Scientist, 196(2635–2636), 51–53.CrossRef
Stephens, R., & Umland, C. (2011). Swearing as a response to pain—Effect of daily swearing frequency. The Journal of Pain, 12(12), 1274–1281. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2011.09.004 .CrossRef PubMed - 作者单位：Hansika Kapoor (1)
1. Department of Psychology, Monk Prayogshala (Sec 25), 1103, Hillside, A Wing, Raheja Vihar, Powai, Mumbai, 400072, India - 刊物主题：Psychology, general; Cognitive Psychology; Psycholinguistics;
- 出版者：Springer US
- ISSN：1573-6555
文摘
Although swearing is taboo language, it frequently appears in daily conversations. To explain this paradox, two studies examined contextualized swearing in Indian and non-Indian participants. In Study 1, participants assessed the appropriateness of mild, moderate, and severe swears in casual and abusive contexts; in Study 2, participants completed contextual dialogues with mild, moderate, or severe swearwords. Results indicated that mild and moderate swears were more appropriate in casual settings than in abusive scenarios; severe swears were the most inappropriate, regardless of context. Mild and moderate swears were likely to be used to complete casual and abusive dialogues respectively, even though it was expected that severe swears would be compatible with abusive settings. Moreover, gender and nationality differences suggested that assessing appropriateness of swearing behaviour and likelihood of swearword usage provided independent and contrasting findings. Cultural variations in swearing behaviour, particularly contextualized swearing, and suggestions for further research are outlined.