Implications of the Minamata Convention on Mercury for informal gold mining in Sub-Saharan Africa: from global policy debates to grassroots implementation?
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- 作者：Samuel Spiegel ; Susan Keane ; Steve Metcalf…
- 关键词：Minamata Convention on Mercury ; International environmental agreement ; Pollution prevention ; Mercury pollution ; Small ; scale mining ; Equity ; Sustainable development
- 刊名：Environment, Development and Sustainability
- 出版年：2015
- 出版时间：August 2015
- 年：2015
- 卷：17
- 期：4
- 页码：765-785
- 全文大小：449 KB
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Hilson, G. - 作者单位：Samuel Spiegel (1)
Susan Keane (2)
Steve Metcalf (3)
Marcello Veiga (3)
1. Centre of African Studies, University of Edinburgh, Chrystal Macmillan Building, 15A George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9LD, UK
2. Natural Resources Defense Council, Washington, DC, USA
3. Institute of Mining Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada - 刊物类别：Earth and Environmental Science
- 刊物主题：Environment
Environmental Management
Economic Growth
Ecology
Economic Geology
Environmental Economics - 出版者：Springer Netherlands
- ISSN：1573-2975
文摘
In October 2013, after years of negotiation, governments from 92 countries signed a historic agreement called the Minamata Convention on Mercury, establishing mandatory measures to curb mercury use and pollution. Article 7 of the Convention stipulates that governments must create National Action Plans to reduce and where feasible eliminate mercury use in artisanal gold mining, a rapidly growing informal sector in much of Africa, with strategies to be monitored by the Convention Secretariat. The purpose of this study is to critically analyze the implications of the Minamata Convention for the artisanal mining sector in Sub-Saharan Africa, which currently depends upon mercury amalgamation for gold extraction. Our analysis draws on examples from Zimbabwe and Tanzania, countries with divergent political challenges but both with expanding artisanal mining sectors. We argue that a paradigm shift is needed to address intertwined technological, political and socio-economic challenges facing marginalized populations in mining communities. We highlight why meeting the Convention targets requires that international donors and national policymakers proactively engage—rather than vilify—artisanal miners who use mercury, prioritizing local knowledge and collaborative community-based decision making to develop effective pollution abatement initiatives in gold mining regions. We further argue that gender-sensitive grassroots empowerment initiatives including microfinance programs are vital to facilitate adopting cleaner technology, as required by Article 7. Finally, the analysis underscores the need for fundamentally reforming national mining policy priorities, recognizing marginalized mining communities-resource rights and tackling livelihood insecurity as part of efforts to implement the Minamata Convention. In considering what ‘grassroots-implementation could mean, the article contributes to a growing body of scholarship calling attention to fairness and equity concerns in order to achieve the aims of global environmental agreements.