参考文献:1.Balsells M, García-Patterson A, Gich I et al (2009) Maternal and fetal outcome in women with type 2 versus type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and Metaanalysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94(11):4284–4291. doi:10.1210/jc.2009–1231CrossRef PubMed 2.Bath S, Steer C, Goldin J et al (2013) Effect of inadequate iodine status in UK pregnant women on cognitive outcomes in their children: results from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Lancet 382:331–337CrossRef PubMed 3.Bell R, Glinianaia S, Tennant P et al (2012) Peri-conception hyperglycemia and nephropathy are associated with risk of congenital anomaly in women with pre-existing diabetes: a population-based cohort study. Diabetologia 55:936–947CrossRef 4.Blanco C, Ballesteros A, Saladich I et al (2011) Glycemic control and pregnancy outcomes in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus using Lispro versus regular insulin: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Technol Ther 13(9):907–911. doi:10.1089/dia.2011.0032CrossRef 5.Bonifacio E, Hummel M, Walter M (2004) IDDM and multiple family history of type 1 diabetes combine to identify neonates at high risk for type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 27:2695–2700CrossRef PubMed 6.Brenta G (2010) Diabetes and thyroid disorders. BJDVD 10:172–177 7.Bullo M, Tschumi S, Bucher B et al (2012) Pregnancy outcome following exposure to Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or Angiotensin receptor antagonists. a systematic review. Hypertension 60:444–450CrossRef PubMed 8.Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (2001) Stillen und Rauchen. Aktualisierte Empfehlung der Nationalen Stillkommission. http://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/343/stillen_und_rauchen.pdf . Zugegriffen: 15.10.2015 9.Edison R, Muenke M (2004) Central nervous system and limb anomalies in case reports of first-trimester Statin exposure. N Engl J Med 350:1579–1582CrossRef PubMed 10.2013 ESH/ESC (2013) Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J 34:2159–2219CrossRef 11.Getahun D, Fassett M, Jacobsen S (2010) Gestational diabetes: risk of recurrence in subsequent pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 203:467.e1-6. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2010.05.032CrossRef PubMed 12.Hernandez T, Van Pelt R, Friedmann J et al (2011) Patterns of glycemia in normal pregnancy. Diabetes Care 34:1660–1668PubMedCentral CrossRef PubMed 13.Hod M, Damm P, Kaaja R et al (2007) Fetal and perinatal outcomes in type 1 diabetes pregnancy: a randomized study comparing insulin aspart with human insulin in 322 subjects. Am J Obstet Gynecol 198(2):186.e1–186.e7. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2007.08.005CrossRef 14.Hod M, Mathiesen E, Jovanovic L et al (2013) A randomized trial comparing perinatal outcomes using insulin detemir or neutral protamin Hagedorn inType 1 Diabetes. J Matern Fetal Neontal Med 27(1):7–13. doi:10.3109/14767058.2013.799650CrossRef 15.Horak F, Fazekas T, Zacharasiewicz A et al (2011) Das fetale Tabakyndrom – Ein Statement der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Allgemein- und Familienmedizin (ÖGAM), Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe (ÖGGG), Hygiene, Mikrobiologie und Präventivmedizin (ÖGHMP), Kinder- und Jugendheilkunde (ÖGJJ) sowie Pneumologie (ÖGP). Wien Klin Wochenschr 124:129–145. doi:10.1007/s00508-011-0106-9CrossRef PubMed 16.Kleinwechter H, Schäfer-Graf U, Bührer C et al (2014) DDG Praxisempfehlung Diabetes und Schwangerschaft. Diabetologie 9:S214–S220 17.Mathiesen E, Hod M, Ivanesivic M et al (2012) Maternal efficacy and safety outcomes in a randomized, controlled trial comparing insulin Detemir with NPH insulin in 310 pregnant women with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 35(10):2012–2017. doi:10.2337/dc11–2264PubMedCentral CrossRef PubMed 18.Mathiesen E, Kinsley B, Amiel S et al (2007) Maternal Glycemic Control and Hypoglycemia in Type 1 Diabetic Pregnancy. A randomized trial of insulin aspart versus human insulin in 322 pregnant women. Diabetes Care 30:771–776 (on Behalf of the Insulin Aspart Pregancy Study Group)CrossRef PubMed 19.Mukhopadhyay A, Farrell T, Fraser R et al (2007) Continous subcutaneous insulin infusion vs. intensive conventional insulin therapy in pregnant diabetic women: a systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized, controlled trials. Am J Obstet Gynecol 197:447–456CrossRef PubMed 20.Kitzmiller J, Block J, Brown F et al (2008) Managing preexisting diabetes for pregnancy. summary of evidence and consensus recommendations for care. Diabetes Care 31:1060–1079PubMedCentral CrossRef PubMed 21.Lefèvre M (2014) Low dose aspirin use for the prevention of morbidity and mortality from Preeclampsia: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. Ann Intern Med 161:819–826 (on behalf of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force)CrossRef PubMed 22.Qualitätssicherungs-Richtlinie Früh- und Reifgeborene des Gemeinsamen Bundesausschusses über Maßnahmen zur Qualitätssicherung der Versorgung von Früh- und Reifgeborenen gemäß § 137 Abs. 1 Nr. 2 SGB V in Verbindung mit § 92 Abs. 1 Satz 2 Nr. 13 SGB V. https://www.g-ba.de/downloads/62-492-947/QFR-RL_2014-11-20.pdf 23.Spyer G, MacLeoad K, Shepherd M et al (2009) Pregnancy outcome in patients with raised blood glucose due to a heterozygous glucokinase gene mutation. Diabet Med 26:14–18CrossRef PubMed 24.Stride A, Shepherd M, Frayling T et al (2002) Intrauterine hyperglycemia is associated withan earlier diagnosis of diabetes in HNF-1α gene mutation carriers. Diabetes Care 25:2287–2291CrossRef PubMed 25.Tennant P, Glinianaia S, Bilous R et al (2014) Pre-existing diabetes, maternal glycated haemoglobin, and the risks of fetal and infant death: a population-based study. Diabetologia 57:285–294CrossRef PubMed 26.Ter Braak E, Evers I, Willem Erkenlens D et al (2002) Maternal hypoglycemia during pregnancy in typ 1 diabetes: maternal and fetal consequences. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 18(2):96–105CrossRef PubMed 27.Thangaratinam S, Tan A, Kilby M et al (2011) Association between thyroid autoantibodies and miscarriage and preterm birth: metaanalysis of evidence. BMJ 342:d2616PubMedCentral CrossRef PubMed 28.van den Boogaard E, Vissenberg R, Land J et al (2011) Significance of (sub)clinical thyroid dysfunction and thyroid autoimmunity before conception and in early pregnancy: a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update 2011(17):605–619CrossRef
作者单位:Dr. H. Kleinwechter (1) N. Demandt (1)
1. diabetologikum kiel, Diabetes-Schwerpunktpraxis und Schulungszentrum, Alter Markt 11, 24103, Kiel, Deutschland
刊物主题:Diabetes; General Practice / Family Medicine; Internal Medicine; Angiology; Endocrinology; Metabolic Diseases;
出版者:Springer Berlin Heidelberg
ISSN:1860-9724
文摘
Background A goal for more than 25 years has been to achieve courses and outcomes of diabetic pregnancies similar to that in nondiabetic women. However, this goal has still not been realized.