Psychosocial sequelae of cannabis use and implications for policy: findings from the Christchurch Health and Development Study
详细信息 查看全文
- 作者：David M. Fergusson ; Joseph M. Boden…
- 关键词：Cannabis ; Cannabis dependence ; Education ; Unemployment ; Welfare dependence ; Gateway theory ; Psychosis
- 刊名：Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
- 出版年：2015
- 出版时间：September 2015
- 年：2015
- 卷：50
- 期：9
- 页码：1317-1326
- 全文大小：779 KB
- 参考文献：1.Hall W, Lynskey M (2009) The challenges in developing a rational cannabis policy. Curr Opin Psychiatry 22(3):258鈥?62CrossRef PubMed
2.Macleod J, Oakes R, Copello A, Crome I, Egger M, Hickman M, Oppenkowski T, Stokes-Lampard H, Smith G (2004) Psychological and social sequelae of cannabis and other illicit drug use by young people: A systematic review of longitudinal, general population studies. Lancet 363:1579鈥?588CrossRef PubMed
3.Room R, Fischer B, Hall W, Lenton S, Reuter P (2008) Cannabis policy: Moving beyond stalemate
4.Hall W (2014) What has research over the past two decades revealed about the adverse health effects of recreational cannabis use? Addiction
5.The National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (2004) NORML: Working to reform marijuana laws. The National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws. http://鈥媤ww.鈥媙orml.鈥媜rg/鈥?/span> . Accessed 27 July 2005
6.Marijuana Policy Project (2014) Marijuana Policy Project. Marijuana Policy Project. http://鈥媤ww.鈥媘pp.鈥媜rg/鈥?/span> . Accessed 17 Feb 2015
7.Drug Policy Alliance (2015) Drug Policy Alliance. Drug Policy Alliance. http://鈥媤ww.鈥媎rugpolicy.鈥媜rg/鈥?/span> . Accessed 17 Feb 2015
8.Citizens Against Legalizing Marijuana (2015) Citizens Against Legalizing Marijuana. Citizens Against Legalizing Marijuana. http://鈥媤ww.鈥媍almca.鈥媜rg/鈥媋bout/鈥?/span> . Accessed 20 Feb 2015
9.Project SAM (2015) SAM: Smart Approaches to Marijuana. Project SAM. http://鈥媗earnaboutsam.鈥媜rg/鈥?/span> . Accessed 20 Feb 2015
10.van Ours J, Williams J (2009) Why parents worry: initiation into cannabis use by youth and their educational attainment. J Health Econ 28(1):132鈥?42CrossRef PubMed
11.Townsend L, Flisher AJ, King G (2007) A systematic review of the relationship between high school dropout and substance use. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 10(4):295鈥?17CrossRef PubMed
12.Lynskey MT, Hall W (2000) The effects of adolescent cannabis use on educational attainment: a review. Addiction 95:1621鈥?630CrossRef PubMed
13.Ellickson P, Bui K, Bell RM, McGuigan KA (1998) Does early drug use increase the risk of dropping out of high school? J Drug Issues 28:357
14.Pedersen W (2011) Cannabis and social welfare assistance: a longitudinal study. Addiction 106(9):1636鈥?643. doi:10.鈥?111/鈥媕.鈥?360-0443.鈥?011.鈥?3436.鈥媥 CrossRef PubMed
15.Schmidt L, Weisner C, Wiley J (1998) Substance abuse and the course of welfare dependency. Am J Public Health 88(11):1616鈥?622PubMed Central CrossRef PubMed
16.Degenhardt L, Chiu WT, Sampson N, Kessler RC, Anthony JC (2007) Epidemiological patterns of extra-medical drug use in the United States: Evidence from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, 2001-2003. Drug Alcohol Depend
17.Hammer T (1992) Unemployment and use of drug and alcohol among young people: a longitudinal study in the general population. Br J Addict 87(11):1571鈥?581CrossRef PubMed
18.Morrell SL, Taylor RJ, Kerr CB (1998) Jobless. Unemployment and young people鈥檚 health [published erratum appears in Med J Aust 1998 20;168(8):412]. Med J Aust 168(5):236鈥?40PubMed
19.Peck DF, Plant MA (1986) Unemployment and illegal drug use: concordant evidence from a prospective study and national trends. Br Med J Clin Res Edn 293(6552):929鈥?32CrossRef
20.Horwood LJ, Fergusson DM, Hayatbakhsh MR, Najman JM, Coffey C, Patton GC, Silins E, Hutchinson D (2010) Cannabis use and educational achievement: findings from three Australasian cohort studies. Drug Alcohol Depend 110:247鈥?53CrossRef PubMed
21.Fergusson DM, Boden JM (2008) Cannabis use and later life outcomes. Addiction 103:969鈥?76CrossRef PubMed
22.Solowij N, Stephens RS, Roffman RA, Babor T, Kadden R, Miller M, Christiansen K, McRee B, Vendetti J (2002) Cognitive functioning of long-term heavy cannabis users seeking treatment. J Am Med Assoc 287(9):1123鈥?131CrossRef
23.Solowij N, Battisti RA (2008) The chronic effects of cannabis on memory in humans: a review. Curr Drug Abuse Rev 1:81鈥?8CrossRef PubMed
24.Eldreth DA, Matochik JA, Cadet JL, Bolla KI (2004) Abnormal brain activity in prefrontal brain regions in abstinent marijuana users. Neuroimage 23(3):914鈥?20CrossRef PubMed
25.Matochik JA, Eldreth DA, Cadet JL, Bolla KI (2005) Altered brain tissue composition in heavy marijuana users. Drug Alcohol Depend 77(1):23鈥?0CrossRef PubMed
26.Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ (1997) Early onset cannabis use and psychosocial adjustment in young adults. Addiction 92(3):279鈥?96CrossRef PubMed
27.Kandel DB, Davies M, Karis D, Yamaguchi K (1986) The consequences in young adulthood of adolescent drug involvement: an overview. Arch Gen Psychiatry 43:746鈥?54CrossRef PubMed
28.Krohn MD, Lizotte AJ, Perez CM (1997) The interrelationship between substance use and precocious transitions to adult statuses. J Health Soc Behav 38(1):87鈥?03CrossRef PubMed
29.Degenhardt L, Chiu WT, Conway K, Dierker L, Glantz M, Kalaydjian A, Merikangas K, Sampson N, Swendsen J, Kessler RC (2009) Does the 鈥榞ateway鈥?matter? Associations between the order of drug use initiation and the development of drug dependence in the National Comorbidity Study Replication. Psychol Med 39(1):157鈥?67PubMed Central CrossRef PubMed
30.Fergusson DM, Boden JM, Horwood LJ (2006) Cannabis use and other illicit drug use: testing the cannabis gateway hypothesis. Addiction 101:556鈥?69CrossRef PubMed
31.Hall W, Lynskey M (2005) Is cannabis a gateway drug? Testing hypotheses about the relationship between cannabis use and the use of other illicit drugs. Drug Alcohol Rev 24(1):39鈥?8. doi:10.鈥?080/鈥?959523050012669鈥? CrossRef PubMed
32.Mayet A, Legleye S, Falissard B, Chau N (2012) Cannabis use stages as predictors of subsequent initiation with other illicit drugs among French adolescents: use of a multi-state model. Addict Behav 37(2):160鈥?66. doi:10.鈥?016/鈥媕.鈥媋ddbeh.鈥?011.鈥?9.鈥?12 CrossRef PubMed
33.Kandel DB (2003) Does marijuana use cause the use of other drugs? J Am Med Assoc 289(4):482鈥?83CrossRef
34.Kandel DB (2002) Stages and Pathways of Drug Involvement: Examining the Gate-way Hypothesis. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeCrossRef
35.Kandel DB, Yamaguchi K (2002) Stages of drug involvement in the US population. In: Kandel DB (ed) Stages and pathways of drug involvement: examining the gateway hypothesis. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 65鈥?9CrossRef
36.Huba GJ, Wingard JA, Bentler P (1981) A comparison on two latent variable causal models of adolescent drug use. J Pers Soc Psychol 40:180鈥?93CrossRef PubMed
37.Hays RD, Widaman KF, DiMatteo MR, Stacy AW (1987) Structural equation models of current drug use: are appropriate models so simple(x)? J Pers Soc Psychol 52:134鈥?44CrossRef PubMed
38.Donovan JE, Jessor R (1985) Structure of problem behavior in adolescence and young adulthood. J Consult Clin Psychol 53:890鈥?04CrossRef PubMed
39.O鈥橠onnell JA, Clayton RR (1982) The stepping-stone hypothesis鈥攎arijuana, heroin, and causality. Chem Depend Behav Biomed Issues 4:229鈥?41
40.Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ (2000) Does cannabis use encourage other forms of illicit drug use? Addiction 95(4):505鈥?20CrossRef PubMed
41.Morral AR, McCaffrey DF, Paddock SM (2002) Reassessing the marijuana gateway effect. Addiction 97:1493鈥?504CrossRef PubMed
42.Allison PD (2009) Fixed effects regression models. Sage, Newbury Park
43.Hamerle A, Ronning G (1995) Panel analysis for qualitative variables. In: Arminger G, Clogg CC, Sobel ME (eds) Handbook of statistical modeling for the social and behavioral sciences. Plenum Press, New York, pp 401鈥?51CrossRef
44.Fergusson DM, Boden JM, Horwood LJ (2007) Unemployment and suicidal behaviour in a New Zealand birth cohort: a fixed effects regression analysis. Crisis 28(2):95鈥?01CrossRef PubMed
45.Boden JM, Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ (2012) Alcohol misuse and violent behavior: findings from a 30-year longitudinal study. Drug Alcohol Depend 122(1鈥?):135鈥?41. doi:10.鈥?016/鈥媕.鈥媎rugalcdep.鈥?011.鈥?9.鈥?23 CrossRef PubMed
46.Boden JM, Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ (2013) Alcohol misuse and criminal offending: findings from a 30-year longitudinal study. Drug Alcohol Depend 128(1鈥?):30鈥?6CrossRef PubMed
47.Boden JM, Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ (2013) Alcohol misuse and relationship breakdown: findings from a longitudinal birth cohort. Drug Alcohol Depend 133(1):115鈥?20. doi:10.鈥?016/鈥媕.鈥媎rugalcdep.鈥?013.鈥?5.鈥?23 CrossRef PubMed
48.Fergusson DM, Boden JM, Horwood LJ (2009) Tests of causal linkages between alcohol abuse or dependence and major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66(3):260鈥?66CrossRef PubMed
49.Fergusson DM, Boden JM, Horwood LJ (2013) Alcohol misuse and psychosocial outcomes in young adulthood: results from a longitudinal birth cohort studied to age 30. Drug Alcohol Depend 133(2):513鈥?19CrossRef PubMed
50.Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ (2000) Alcohol abuse and crime: a fixed effects regression analysis. Addiction 95(10):1525鈥?536CrossRef PubMed
51.Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Ridder EM (2005) Tests of causal linkages between cannabis use and psychotic symptoms. Addiction 100:354鈥?66CrossRef PubMed
52.Boden JM, Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ (2007) Anxiety disorders and suicidal behaviours in adolescence and young adulthood: findings from a longitudinal study. Psychol Med 37(3):431鈥?40CrossRef PubMed
53.Pistis M, Perra S, Pillolla G, Melis M, Muntoni AL, Gessa GL (2004) Adolescent exposure to cannabinoids induces long-Lasting changes in the response to drugs of abuse of rat midbrain dopamine neurons. Biol Psychiatry 56(2):86鈥?4. doi:10.鈥?016/鈥媕.鈥媌iopsych.鈥?004.鈥?5.鈥?06 CrossRef PubMed
54.Klugmann M, Klippenstein V, Leweke FM, Spanagel R, Schneider M (2011) Cannabinoid exposure in pubertal rats increases spontaneous ethanol consumption and NMDA receptor associated protein levels. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 14(4):505鈥?17. doi:10.鈥?017/鈥媠146114571000156鈥? CrossRef PubMed
55.Realini N, Rubino T, Parolaro D (2009) Neurobiological alterations at adult age triggered by adolescent exposure to cannabinoids. Pharmacol Res 60(2):132鈥?38. doi:10.鈥?016/鈥媕.鈥媝hrs.鈥?009.鈥?3.鈥?06 CrossRef PubMed
56.Golub A, Johnson BD (2002) Substance use progression and hard drug use in inner-city New York. In: Kandel DB (ed) Stages and pathways of drug involvement: examining the gateway hypothesis. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 90鈥?12CrossRef
57.Hawkins JD, Hill KG, Guo J, Battin-Pearson SR (2002) Substance use norms and transition in substance use. In: Kandel DB (ed) Stages and pathways of drug involvement: examining the gateway hypothesis. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 42鈥?4CrossRef
58.Korhonen T, Huizink AC, Dick DM, Pulkkinen L, Rose RJ, Kaprio J (2008) Role of individual, peer and family factors in the use of cannabis and other illicit drugs: a longitudinal analysis among Finnish adolescent twins. Drug Alcohol Depend 97:33鈥?3. doi:10.鈥?016/鈥媕.鈥媎rugalcdep.鈥?008.鈥?3.鈥?15 PubMed Central CrossRef PubMed
59.Alfonso JP, Huedo-Medina TB, Espada JP (2009) Risk factors predictors of the pattern of substance use during the adolescence. Anales De Psicologia 25(2):330鈥?38
60.Bahr SJ, Hoffmann JP, Yang X (2005) Parental and peer influences on the risk of adolescent drug use. J Prim Prev 26(6):529鈥?51CrossRef PubMed
61.Pomerleau OF, Pomerleau CS (1987) A biobehavioral view of substance abuse and addiction. J Drug Issues 17(1鈥?):111鈥?31
62.Neiss R (1993) The role of psychobiological states in chemical dependency: who becomes addicted? Addiction 88(6):745鈥?56CrossRef PubMed
63.Andreasson S, Allebeck P, Engstrom A, Rydberg U (1987) Cannabis and schizophrenia: a longitudinal study of Swedish conscripts. Lancet 2(8574):1483鈥?486CrossRef PubMed
64.Arseneault L, Cannon M, Poulton R, Murray R, Caspi A, Moffitt TE (2002) Cannabis use in adolescence and risk for adult psychosis: longitudinal prospective study. Br Med J 325(7374):1212鈥?213CrossRef
65.Henquet C, Krabbendam L, Spauwen J, Kaplan C, Lieb R, Wittchen HU, van Os J (2005) Prospective cohort study of cannabis use, predisposition for psychosis, and psychotic symptoms in young people. Br Med J 330(7481):11CrossRef
66.van Os J, Bak M, Hanssen M, Bijl RV, de Graaf R, Verdoux H (2002) Cannabis use and psychosis: a longitudinal population-based study. Am J Epidemiol 156(4):319鈥?27CrossRef PubMed
67.Johns A (2001) Psychiatric effects of cannabis. Br J Psychiatry 178:116鈥?22CrossRef PubMed
68.Arseneault L, Cannon M, Witton J, Murray RM (2004) Causal association between cannabis and psychosis: examination of the evidence. Br J Psychiatry 184. doi:10.鈥?192/鈥媌jp.鈥?84.鈥?.鈥?10
69.Fergusson DM, Boden JM, Horwood LJ (2011) Structural models of the comorbidity of internalizing disorders and substance use disorders in a longitudinal birth cohort. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 46(10):933鈥?42CrossRef PubMed
70.Badiani A, Boden JM, De Pirro S, Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Harold GT (2015) Tobacco smoking and cannabis use in a longitudinal birth cohort: evidence of reciprocal causal relationships. Drug Alcohol Depend. doi:10.鈥?016/鈥媕.鈥媎rugalcdep.鈥?015.鈥?2.鈥?15 PubMed
71.Fergusson DM, Poulton R, Smith PF, Boden JM (2006) Cannabis and psychosis: a summary and synthesis of the evidence. Br Med J 332:172鈥?76CrossRef
72.Tamminga CA, Holcomb HH (2005) Phenotype of schizophrenia: a review and formulation. Mol Psychiatry 10:27鈥?9CrossRef PubMed
73.Caspi A, Moffitt T, Cannon M, McClay J, Murray R, Harrington H, Taylor A, Arseneault L, Williams B, Braithwaite A, Poulton R, Craig I (2005) Moderation of the effect of adolescent-onset cannabis use on adult psychosis by a functional polymorphism in the catechol-o-methyltransferase gene: longitudinal evidence of a gene聽脳聽environment interaction. Biol Psychiatry 57:1117鈥?127CrossRef PubMed
74.Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Swain-Campbell NR (2002) Cannabis use and psychosocial adjustment in adolescence and young adulthood. Addiction 97:1123鈥?135CrossRef PubMed
75.Horwood LJ, Fergusson DM, Coffey C, Patton GC, Tait R, Smart D, Letcher P, Silins E, Hutchinson DM (2012) Cannabis and depression: an integrative data analysis of four Australasian cohorts. Drug Alcohol Depend 126:369鈥?78. doi:10.鈥?016/鈥媕.鈥媎rugalcdep.鈥?012.鈥?6.鈥?02 CrossRef PubMed
76.van Ours JC, Williams J, Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ (2013) Cannabis use and suicidal ideation. J Health Econ 32(3):524鈥?37CrossRef PubMed
77.Patton GC, Coffey C, Carlin JB, Sawyer SM, Lynskey M (2005) Reverse gateways? Frequent cannabis use as a predictor of tobacco initiation and nicotine dependence. Addiction 100(10):1518鈥?525CrossRef PubMed
78.Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Boden JM (2008) Is driving under the influence of cannabis becoming a greater risk to driver safety than drink driving? Findings from a 25聽year longitudinal study. Accid Anal Prev 40:1345鈥?350CrossRef PubMed
79.Gruber AJ, Pope HG, Hudson JI, Yurgelun-Todd D (2003) Attributes of long-term heavy cannabis users: a case鈥揷ontrol study. Psychol Med 33(8):1415鈥?422CrossRef PubMed
80.Hall W, Solowij N (1997) Long-term cannabis use and mental health. Br J Psychiatry 171:107鈥?08CrossRef PubMed
81.Harrison GP Jr, Gruber AJ, Hudson JI, Huestis MA, Yurgelun-Todd D (2002) Cognitive measures in long-term cannabis users. J Clin Pharmacol 42(11 Suppl):41S鈥?7S
82.Messinis L, Kyprianidou A, Malefaki S, Papathanasopoulos P (2006) Neuropsychological deficits in long-term frequent cannabis users. Neurology 66(5):737鈥?39CrossRef PubMed
83.Volkow ND, Baler RD, Compton WM, Weiss SRB (2014) Adverse health effects of marijuana use. N Engl J Med 370(23):2219鈥?227. doi:10.鈥?056/鈥婲EJMra1402309 CrossRef PubMed
84.Greenwald G (2009) Drug decriminalization in Portugal: Lessons for creating fair and successful drug policies. Cato Institute, Washington, DC
85.Hughes CE, Stevens A (2010) What can we learn from the portuguese decriminalization of illicit drugs? Br J Criminol 50(6):999鈥?022. doi:10.鈥?093/鈥媌jc/鈥媋zq038 CrossRef
86.Hughes CE, Stevens A (2012) A resounding success or a disastrous failure: re-examining the interpretation of evidence on the Portuguese decriminalisation of illicit drugs. Drug Alcohol Rev 31(1):101鈥?13. doi:10.鈥?111/鈥媕.鈥?465-3362.鈥?011.鈥?0383.鈥媥 CrossRef PubMed
87.Pope HG (2002) Cannabis, cognition and residual confounding. J Am Med Assoc 287(9):1172鈥?174CrossRef
88.Richter ED, Laster R (2004) The Precautionary Principle, epidemiology and the ethics of delay. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 17(1):9鈥?6PubMed
89.Ant贸 JM (2005) The precautionary approach: from Birth to childhood. Epidemiology for risk assessment: losing the beginner鈥檚 confidence. Eur J Public Health 15. doi:10.鈥?093/鈥媏urpub/鈥媍ki172
90.Doll R (1998) Uncovering the effects of smoking: historical perspective. Stat Methods Med Res 7(2):87鈥?17. doi:10.鈥?177/鈥?962280298007002鈥?2 CrossRef PubMed - 作者单位：David M. Fergusson (1)
Joseph M. Boden (1)
L. John Horwood (1)
1. Christchurch Health and Development Study, Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand - 刊物类别：Medicine
- 刊物主题：Medicine & Public Health
Psychiatry - 出版者：Springer Berlin / Heidelberg
- ISSN：1433-9285
文摘
Background The Christchurch Health and Development Study is a longitudinal study of a birth cohort of 1265 children who were born in Christchurch, New Zealand, in 1977. This cohort has now been studied from birth to the age of 35.