Sustainable mining, indigenous rights and conservation: conflict and discourse in Wirikuta/Catorce, San Luis Potosi, Mexico

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• 作者：Andrew Boni ; Claudio Garibay ; Michael K. McCall
• 关键词：Mining ; Conflict ; Discourse ; Mexico ; Wirikuta ; Real de Catorce ; Huichol ; First Majestic
• 刊名：GeoJournal
• 出版年：2015
• 出版时间：October 2015
• 年：2015
• 卷：80
• 期：5
• 页码：759-780
• 全文大小：1,065 KB
• 参考文献：Autoridades Tradicionales, Civiles y Agrarias del Pueblo Wixárika (2012). Pronunciamiento Foro Wirikuta, el Derecho a lo Sagrado, Senado de la República (public statement). Issued 19 April 2012, http://?www.?frenteendefensad?ewirikuta.?org/-?p=-732&?lang=?en . Accessed 14 March 2014.
  Autoridades Tradicionales y Agrarias del Pueblo Wixárika (2010). Pronunciamiento en defensa de Wirikuta (public statement), issued 23 September 2010, http://?frenteendefensad?ewirikuta.?org/?wirikuta/-?page_?id=-7 . Accessed 12 March 2014.
  Autoridades Tradicionales y Agrarias del Pueblo Wixárika (2011). Carta al presidente Calderón (open letter). Issued 23 October 2011, http://?frenteendefensad?ewirikuta.?org/?wirikuta/-?p=-757 . Accessed 14 March 2014.
  Bengoa, J. (2007). La emergencia indígena en América Latina. Fondo de Cultura Económica: Mexico City.
  CONANP (Comisión Nacional de áreas Naturales Protegidas) (2012a). Proyecto de decreto: Reserva de la Biósfera Wirikuta. Issued 22 October 2012, www.?conanp.?gob.?mx/?contenido/?pdf/?proyecto_?Decreto_?RB_?Wirikuta_-2oct2012.?pdf . Accessed 14 March 2014.
  CONANP (Comisión Nacional de áreas Naturales Protegidas) (2012b). Estudio previo justificativo para el establecimiento del área natural protegida Reserva de la Biósfera “Wirikuta-en el estado de San Luis Potosí. Mexico City, Comisión Nacional de áreas Naturales Protegidas, available at www.?conanp.?gob.?mx/?anp/?consulta/?EPJ%20?Wirikuta_-20-2oct%20?polign%20-94%20?mil%20?csi.?pdf >.
  CRWDW (Consejo Regional Wixárika por la Defensa de Wirikuta) (2013a). Segunda carta urgente al presidente de México, los pueblos y gobiernos del mundo (open letter). Published 8 February 2013, http://?frenteendefensad?ewirikuta.?org/?wirikuta/-?p=-665 . Accessed 14 March 2014.
  CRWDW (Consejo Regional Wixárika por la Defensa de Wirikuta), (2013b). Tercera carta al Presidente de México del Consejo Regional Wixárika en Defensa de Wirikuta (open letter). Published 10 June 2013, http://?frenteendefensad?ewirikuta.?org/?wirikuta/-?p=-866 . Accessed 14 March 2014.
  De la Cadena, M. (2010). Indigenous cosmopolitics in the Andes: Conceptual reflections beyond “politics- Cultural Anthropology, 25(2), 334-70.CrossRef
  De la Pe?a, G. (1995). La ciudadanía étnica y la construcción de los indios en el México contemporáneo. Revista Internacional de Filosofía Política, 6, 116-40.
  Dudley, N., Higgins-Zogib, L., & Mansourian, S. (2005). Beyond belief. Gland: World Wide Fund for Nature.
  Enciso, A. (2012). Ordenan a mineras suspender actividades en la zona sagrada huichol de Wirikuta. La Jornada, p. 41.
  Escobar, A. (1995). Encountering development. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  FDW (Frente en Defensa de Wirikuta) (2011b). Declaración conjunta (Statement before United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues), Released 20 May 2011, http://?frenteendefensad?ewirikuta.?org/?wirikuta/-?p=-58 . Accessed 14 March 2014.
  FDW (Frente en Defensa de Wirikuta) (2012a). Declaración de Wirikuta (public statement). Issued 7 February 2012, http://?frenteendefensad?ewirikuta.?org/?wirikuta/-?p=-363 . Accessed 14 March 2014.
  FDW (Frente en Defensa de Wirikuta) (2012b). El Consejo Regional WIXARIKA por la Defensa de WIRIKUTA (CRW) y el Frente en Defensa de WIRIKUTA (FDW) veremos con buenos ojos un decreto de reserva de la biósfera que respete y proteja el patrimonio biocultural, donde se prohiba cualquier actividad minera y se reconozcan los derechos humanos de nuestro pueblo y de nuestros hermanos habitantes campesinos de Wirikuta (Press release). Issued 9 November 2012, http://?frenteendefensad?ewirikuta.?org/?wirikuta/-?p=-506 . Accessed 14 March 2014.
  Fernández Borja, H. & Giménez Azcárate, J. (2008). La hermenéutica huichola y la conservación de la diversidad natural y cultural en México. In L. Fernández Borja & V. Martínez Lira (Eds.), Huellas del abuelo fuego. La ruta de los huicholes (pp. 17-6). Vilaboa, Spain. Ellago Ediciones.
  Fernández, D. (fictional name) (2011). (Interview, video-recorded). Real de Catorce, San Luis Potosi, 18 October 2011.
  First Majestic (2010). Real de Catorce Land Acquisition (Press release). Issued 10 November 2010. http://?www.?firstmajestic.?com/?s/?NewsReleases.?asp??ReportID=-27846&?_?Title=?Real-de-Catorce-Land-Acquisition . Accessed 14 March 2014.
  First Majestic (2011a). Silver Production up 25%; Reaches 97% Pure Silver and Maintains Status as “Purest Silver Company in the World-(press release). Issued 7 April 2011, http://?www.?firstmajestic.?com/?s/?NewsReleases.?asp??ReportID=-50684&?_?Title=?Silver-Production-up-25-Reaches-97-Pure-Silver-and-Maintains-Status-as-Pure . Accessed 14 March 2014.
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  First Majestic (2014). Social Responsibili
• 作者单位：Andrew Boni (1)
  Claudio Garibay (1)
  Michael K. McCall (1)
  
  1. Centro de Investigaciones en Geografía Ambiental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
  
• 刊物类别：Earth and Environmental Science
• 刊物主题：Geography
  Geography
  Environmental Management
  Hydrogeology
  Ecology
  Methodology of the Social Sciences
  
• 出版者：Springer Netherlands
• ISSN：1572-9893

文摘

This paper is about the ongoing conflict between elements of the Huichol people of western Mexico with allied NGOs, and the Canadian mining company First Majestic in the Wirikuta/Catorce region in northern Mexico. Specific groups of the Huichol make yearly 400 km pilgrimages from their communities in western Mexico to Wirikuta, a vast region they consider highly sacred and therefore, in which mining cannot be tolerated. However, mining has existed in the region for over 200 years, and the local, permanent, non-Huichol inhabitants of this region have shown a strong support for First Majestic’s underground silver mining project. We center our analysis on discourse, highlighting the underlying discursive systems or languages that shape and support them. In our framework, languages are considered as systems through which claims of morality, legitimacy and truth are produced and communicated in the public sphere by social actors in order to mobilize people and resources. We identify three central languages in play throughout this conflict: the language of indigenous rights, the scientific language of biodiversity conservation, and the language of development, particularly as expressed through the notion of “sustainable mining.-We argue that the role of discourse in conflict is central in the development of conflicts and useful for their understanding. Although the discourse of indigenous rights has proven effective for the Huichols to temporarily halt the mining project, the company’s use of the language of development, as in their “community projects- has been successful in legitimizing the project and strengthening local support. The language of conservation, invoked in parallel to claims in terms of indigenous rights, has had mixed results for the Huichols. Finally, we seek to establish connections from the Wirikuta/Catorce conflict to broader trends in national policy and global issues of land/resource conflicts between communities and extractive industries. Keywords Mining Conflict Discourse Mexico Wirikuta Real de Catorce Huichol First Majestic