Superior phrenic artery: an anatomic study

详细信息    查看全文

• 作者：Marios Loukas (1) (2) r> Robert G Louis Jr. (1) r> Christopher T. Wartmann (1) r> R. Shane Tubbs (3) r> Ehsan Esmaeili (1) r> Allyson C. Bagenholm (1) r> William Merbs (1) r> Brian Curry (1) r> Robert Jordan (1) r>
• 关键词：Superior phrenic artery ; Transarterial chemoembolization ; Liver ; Hepatic carcinoma ; Diaphragmatic vascularization ; Intercostal artery
• 刊名：Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy
• 出版年：2007
• 出版时间：February 2007
• 年：2007
• 卷：29
• 期：1
• 页码：97-102
• 全文大小：534KB
• 参考文献：1. Andrews JC, Williams DM, Cho KJ, Knol JA, Wahl RL, Ensminger WI (1989) Unsatisfactory hepatic perfusion after placement of an implanted pump and catheter system: angiographic correlation. Radiology 183:779鈥?81 r> 2. Baker RJ, Fischer JE (eds.) (2001) Mastery of surgery, 4th edn. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 691鈥?92 r> 3. Charnsangavej C, Chuang VP, Wallace S, Soo CS, Bowers T (1982) Angiographic classification of hepatic arterial collaterals. Radiology 144:485鈥?94 r> 4. Clemente CD (ed) (1985) Gray鈥檚 anatomy, 30th Am edn. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 731 r> 5. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, Dunn DL, Hunter JG, Pollock RE (eds) (2005) Liver anatomical segments in Schwartz鈥檚 principles of surgery, 8th edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 1140鈥?1 r> 6. Folkman J (1976) The vascularization of tumors. Sci Am 234:58鈥?4, 70鈥?3 r> 7. Gokan T, Hashimoto T, Matsui S, Kushihashi T, Nobusawa H, Munechika H (2001) Helical CT demonstration of dilated right inferior phrenic arteries as extrahepatic collateral arteries of hepatocellular carcinomas. J Comput Assist Tomogr 25:68鈥?3 rnal" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004728-200101000-00012">CrossRef r> 8. Hollinshead WH (1971) Anatomy for surgeons, vol 2, Hoeber Harper, New York, pp 22 r> 9. Kim HC, Chung JW, Lee W, Jae HJ, Park JH (2005) Recognizing extrahepatic collateral vessels that supply hepatocellular carcinoma to avoid complications of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Radiographics 25:S25鈥揝39 r> 10. Lee KH, Sung KB, Lee DY, Park SJ, Kim KW, Yu JS (2002) Transcatheter chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: Anatomic and hemodynamic considerations in the hepatic and portal vein. Radiographics 22:1077鈥?091 r> 11. Li C, Guo Y, Tian G, Shi Z, Liu D, Zeng H, Jiang W, Li H, Zhou C (2002) Extrahepatic arterial blood supply of hepatocellular carcinoma and interventional treatment. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 24:163鈥?66 r> 12. Loukas M, Louis RG Jr, Hullett J, Loiacano M, Skidd P, Wagner T (2005) An anatomical classification of the variations of the inferior phrenic vein. Surg Radiol Anat 27:566鈥?74 rnal" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00276-005-0029-0">CrossRef r> 13. Loukas M, Hullett J, Wagner T (2005) Clinical anatomy of the inferior phrenic artery. Clin Anat 18:357鈥?65 rnal" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.20112">CrossRef r> 14. Michels NA (1953) Collateral arterial pathways to the liver after ligation of the hepatic artery and removal of the celiac axis. Cancer 6:708鈥?24 rnal" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(195307)6:4<708::AID-CNCR2820060411>3.0.CO;2-A">CrossRef r> 15. Miyayama S, Matsui O, Taki K, Minami T, Ryu Y, Ito C, Nakmura K, Inoue D, Notsumata K, Toya D, Tanaka N, Mitsui T (2006) Extrahepatic blood supply to hepatocellular carcinoma: angiographic demonstration and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 29:39鈥?8 rnal" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00270-004-0287-y">CrossRef r> 16. Miyayama S, Matsui O, Akakura Y, Yamamoto T, Nishida H, Yoneda K, Kawai K, Nishijima H (2001) Hepatocellular carcinoma with blood supply from omental branches: treatment with transcatheter arterial embolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol 12:1285鈥?290 r> 17. Moore KL, Dalley AF (2005) Clinically oriented anatomy, 5th edn. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 326鈥?27 r> 18. Okazaki M, Higashihara H, Koganemaru F, Nakamura T, Kitsuki H, Hoashi T, Makuuchi M (1991) Intraperitoneal hemorrhage from hepatocellular carcinoma: emergency chemoembolization or embolization. Radiology 180:647鈥?51 r> 19. Okazaki M, Yamasaki S, Ono H, Higashihara H, Koganemaru F, Kimura S, Kuroda Y, Sato S, Ryu K, Ohtsubo T (1993) Chemoembolotherapy for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma in the residual liver after hepatectomy. Hepatogastroenterology 40:320鈥?23 r> 20. Park SI, Lee do Y, Won JY, Lee JT (2003) Extrahepatic collateral supply of hepatocellular carcinoma by the intercostal arteries. J Vasc Interv Radiol 14:461鈥?68 r> 21. Quain鈥檚 elements of anatomy (1909) 11th edn. Longmans, Green and Company, London, pp 1025鈥?028 r> 22. Song SY, Chung JW, Lim HG, Park JH (2006) Nonhepatic arteries originating from the hepatic arteries: angiographic analysis of 250 patients. J Vasc Interv Radiol 17:461鈥?69 rnal" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.RVI.0000202718.16416.18">CrossRef r> 23. Standring S, Ellis H, Healy C, Johnson D, Williams A (eds) (2005) Gray鈥檚 anatomy: Elsevier. Churchill Livingstone, pp 1024, 1083 r> 24. Tanabe N, Iwasaki T, Chida N, Suzuki S, Akahane T, Kobayashi N, Ishii M, Toyota T (1998) Hepatocellular carcinomas supplied by inferior phrenic arteries. Acta Radiologica 39:443鈥?47 rnal" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02841859809172461">CrossRef r> 25. Wang YL, Li MH, Cheng YS, Shi HB, Fan HL (2005) Influential factors and formation of extrahepatic collateral artery in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 11:2637鈥?642 r>
• 作者单位：Marios Loukas (1) (2) r> Robert G Louis Jr. (1) r> Christopher T. Wartmann (1) r> R. Shane Tubbs (3) r> Ehsan Esmaeili (1) r> Allyson C. Bagenholm (1) r> William Merbs (1) r> Brian Curry (1) r> Robert Jordan (1) r>r>1. Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, St George鈥檚 University, St George鈥檚, Grenada, West Indies r> 2. Department of Education and Development, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA r> 3. Department of Cell Biology and Pediatric Neurosurgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA r>

文摘

The majority of anatomical textbooks offer very little information concerning the anatomy and distribution of the superior phrenic artery (SPA). However, in the last decade, a number of reports have appeared with reference to the transcatheter arterial chemoembolization of the collateral arterial supply of hepatic carcinoma (HC). Considering the potential role of the SPA as a source of collateral blood supply to HC, the aim of this study was to identify the origin and distribution of the SPA. One hundred formalin-fixed adult cadavers with no evidence of significant gross diaphragmatic pathology were examined. The right SPA originated from the aorta (R1) in 42%, as a branch of the proximal segment of the 10th intercostal artery (R2) in 33%, and as a branch of the distal segment of the 10th intercostal artery (R3) in 25%, of the specimens. The left SPA originated from the aorta (L1) in 51%, from proximal segment of the left 10th intercostal artery (L2) in 40%, and from the distal segment of the left 10th intercostal artery (L3) in 9%, of the specimens. In types R1, R2, L1 and L2 the SPA terminated, after a short course, within the medial and posterosuperior surfaces of the thoracic diaphragm and diaphragmatic crura. Conversely, in types R3 and L3 the lateral origin of the SPAs confined the ultimate distribution of the vessels to the posterior surface of the diaphragm. These findings could provide a better understanding of the anatomy and distribution of the arterial supply of the diaphragm and the potential involvement of the right SPA as an extrahepatic collateral artery developed in HC.