Heat-based hyporheic flux calculations in heterogeneous salmon spawning gravels

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• 作者：Christian Birkel ; Chris Soulsby ; Dylan J. Irvine ; Iain Malcolm…
• 关键词：Hyporheic zone ; Heat tracer ; Ground water ; surface water interaction ; VFLUX ; Numerical 2 ; D model
• 刊名：Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：April 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：78
• 期：2
• 页码：203-213
• 全文大小：2,138 KB
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• 作者单位：Christian Birkel (1) (4)
  Chris Soulsby (1)
  Dylan J. Irvine (3)
  Iain Malcolm (2)
  Laura K. Lautz (3)
  Doerthe Tetzlaff (1)
  
  1. Northern Rivers Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB23 4UF, UK
  4. Department of Geography, University of Costa Rica, 2060, San José, Costa Rica
  3. Department of Earth Sciences, Syracuse University, Syracuse, USA
  2. Freshwater Laboratory, Marine Science Scotland, Pitlochry, UK
  
• 刊物类别：Biomedical and Life Sciences
• 刊物主题：Life Sciences
  Ecology
  Oceanography
  Life Sciences
  
• 出版者：Birkh盲user Basel
• ISSN：1420-9055

文摘

Groundwater-surface water interactions in rivers are a critically important factor for fish spawning, as streamwater downwelling or upwelling of low-oxygen groundwater can affect egg survival. Assessing such dynamics at the reach scale using distributed temperature measurements as a tracer proved reliable in determining flux rates and directions in the hyporheic zone in a number of studies. Here, we report heat-based vertical flux rates from a heterogeneous gravel-bed stream reach used by spawning Atlantic salmon in the Scottish Highlands. Results showed mostly small downwelling fluxes (~0.3 m d−1), which were largely independent of discharge. Contrasting, and at times unusual flux-depth profiles (e.g., increasing flux with depth) were detected, consistent with the heterogeneous streambed material causing diverse hyporheic flow paths. This was tested in a numerical 2-D model setup attempting to reproduce such behavior with variable random hydraulic conductivity (K) fields. The 2-D model clearly demonstrated that strong deviations from the expected decrease of fluxes with depth can be explained by high heterogeneity coupled with relatively low K fields. This showed that using simple 1-D heat-based flux estimates in combination with 2-D models is a useful approach to testing hypotheses about the influence of variable streambed materials on groundwater–surface water exchange in an ecological context.